As part of a pre-impoundment study for the Ray Roberts Reservoir Area, Landsat-5 multi-spectral scanner (MSS) imagery was used for cover type interpretation. This research was concerned with analysis techniques for MSS images and a comparison of results obtained using computer assisted interpretatin of MSS images and a comparison of results obtained using computer assisted interpretation of MSS images with those obtained using manual interpretation of false color infrared (CIR) photographs.

L'imagerie optique multispectrale du signal intrinsèque permet d'estimer les variations des paramètres hémodynamiques à partir de la collecte des fluctuations de réflectance, à au moins deux longueurs d'onde, induites par une activation cérébrale. Cette thèse propose une étude méthodologique et instrumentale mais aussi une validation in vivo des développements entrepris. Le calcul des paramètres hémodynamiques nécessite l'application d'une loi de Beer-Lambert modifiée introduisant un terme crucial pour la précision du calcul des variations des paramètres hémodynamiques, le DP, que nous avons estimé par simulation Monte Carlo pour les modèles du cortex somatosensoriel et du bulbe olfactif de rat. Nous montrons ainsi que les variations d'absorption, de diffusion ou d'anisotropie n'influe pas sur les valeurs de DP en dessous de 630 nm, que la géométrie et les propriétés optiques des structures a un impact sur celles-ci. Ainsi, le calcul des DP pour chaque structure cérébrale est indispensable. En outre, le choix des longueurs d'onde d'illumination est décisif et s'apprécie en fonction de deux paramètres, la diaphonie et le séparabilité qui ont été calculés pour déterminer les couples et les triplets de longueurs d'onde optimaux pour l'étude du bulbe olfactif de rat. Il apparaît que les valeurs de séparabilité sont négligeables en raison de la forte absorptivité des tissus biologiques dans le visible et que le choix des combinaisons optimales peut se faire en se basant seulement sur les valeurs de diaphonie. La deuxième étape a consisté à construire un banc d'imagerie multispectrale performant et à le valider ainsi que l'étude méthodologique. Les résultats in vivo montrent une différence flagrante des signaux de réflectance et hémodynamiques entre le cortex somatosensoriel et le bulbe olfactif dont l'origine physique et/ou biologique est discutée. / Multispectral imaging of intrinsic optical signal allows to estimate changes in hemodynamic parameters from the collection of reflectance fluctuations, at least with two wavelengths, induced by cerebral activation. This thesis proposes methodological and instrumental studies but also in vivo validation of developments undertaken. The calculation of hemodynamic parameters requires the application of a modified Beer-Lambert law introducing a crucial term for accuracy of hemodynamic parameters changes calculation, the DP, which had been estimated using Monte Carlo simulation models of the somatosensory cortex and olfactory bulb of rats. We show that the variations of absorption, diffusion or anisotropy does not affect the values of DP, whereas geometry and optical properties of the structures have an great impact on them. Thus, calculation of DP for each studied brain structure is essential. In addition, the choice of wavelength illumination is critical and appreciated in terms of two parameters, crosstalk and separability. Pairs and triplets of optimal wavelengths for rat olfactory bulb study were calculated. It appears that the separability values are negligible due to the high absorptivity of biological tissues in the visible and the choice of optimal combinations can be based only on the values of crosstalk. The second step was to build a bench multispectral imaging performance, to validate it and methodological study. The results show a striking difference hemodynamic and reflectance signals between somatosensory cortex and olfactory bulb, which physical origin and/or biological is discussed.

Cette thèse porte sur l’application des images multispectrales pour l’analyse des matériaux utilisés dans une peinture par comparaison avec la photographie traditionnelle de fluorescence induite par rayons UV et la réflectoraphgie infrarouge. L’application des images multispectrales à l'étude des matériaux picturaux a été appuyée par d'autres techniques analytiques telles que la spectroscopie de réflectance et de fluorescence, la spectroscopie de fluorescence X, la spectroscopie d'absorption UV-visible et la spectroscopie infrarouge transformée de Fourier en réflectance totale atténuée. L’imagerie multispectrale a été testée comme outil de laboratoire d’identification des matériaux picturaux. Ainsi, des couches de peinture constituées de pigments (anciens et modernes), de liants (œufs et l’huile de lin) et de vernis naturels ont été analysées. Pour les matériaux organiques, des expériences de vieillissement accéléré (photodégradation et dégradation thermique) ont permis de modéliser les changements optiques et chimiques intervenant au cours de la vie d’un tableau. De plus, une analyse diagnostique a été réalisée sur deux tableaux conservés à « Accademia di San Luca » (Rome) par photographie de fluorescence induite par rayonnement UV, radiographie, spectroscopie de réflectance, spectroscopie de fluorescence X, images de fluorescence UV et réflectance multispectrale, réflectographie infrarouge multispectrale. Par rapport aux techniques traditionnelles, les images multispectrales permettent d’analyser de nombreuses régions spectrales qui, dans certains cas, permettent d’identifier le pigment et/ou des zones non homogènes de la couche superficielle picturale. Certaines gammes de longueurs d’onde infrarouge permettent notamment de voir les détails des différentes couches préparatoires, amenant à une analyse plus précise de la technique d’exécution. Cependant, une des limites des images multispectrales concerne l’identification des mélanges complexes et/ou des différentes strates de matériaux en fonction du type de filtre utilisé. / This thesis focus on the application of multispectral images for the analysis of pictorial materials in comparison with the traditional UV-fluorescence photography and infrared reflectography. The assessment of multispectral imaging for the study of pictorial materials was supported by other analytical techniques such as reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy, X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and Total Attenuated Reflectance - Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The multispectral imaging was tested on swatches of pictorial layers (constituted by ancient and modern pigment), binders (egg and linseed oil) and natural varnishes. For the organic materials, accelerated ageing methods (photo-chemical and thermal degradation) were used to model the optical and chemical changes occurring during the lifetime of a painting. In addition, a diagnostic investigation was performed on two paintings placed in "Accademia di San Luca" (Rome) by means of UV-fluorescence photography, radiography, reflectance spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-VIS-NIR multispectral imaging. Multispectral images, comparing to traditional techniques, permit to individuate specific spectral behaviors, and, in some cases, identify the pigment and/or non-homogeneous areas of the pictorial or varnish layers. The possibility to select some infrared wavelengths allows to see details of the preparatory layers, leading to a more accurate analysis of the technique of execution. However, the limitations of multispectral images for the identification of complex mixtures and/or different layers of materials depending on the type of filter used.

L'estimation de la profondeur des veines sous-cutanées a été un sujet de recherche important ces dernières années en raison de son importance dans l'optimisation de pose de cathéters, de perfusions et plus généralement de ponctions veineuses. Par le passé, diverses techniques et systèmes de visualisation des veines ont été proposés, cependant le manque d'information sur la profondeur de la veine limite les possibilités pour une automatisation de la ponction veineuse ; le geste clinique restant dans de nombreux cas tributaire des compétences ou de l'expérience des cliniciens. Plusieurs techniques ont été proposées pour estimer la profondeur de la veine en utilisant la réflectance diffuse dont le principe repose sur la mesure de rapport de densité optique (ODR). Le concept de mesure de la profondeur des veines à l'aide de la technique ODR mérite d'être appliqué dans le monde réel en raison de son faible coût, de ses propriétés non invasives et du fait qu'il s'agit d'une technique de mesure sans contact avec la peau. Les travaux initiaux de Nishidate et. Al. [1] ont montré sur fantôme des résultats prometteurs. Cependant, une telle expérience peut ne pas être suffisante pour prouver son application pour la mesure in vivo en raison du manque d'expérience pour les données réelles. Par conséquent, ce travail de thèse a été commencé pour améliorer le modèle proposé par Nishidate et. Al. et l'élargir pour mesurer l'estimation in vivo de la profondeur de la veine sur de vrais patients. Le système proposé intègre de nouveaux composants tels qu'un algorithme de segmentation des veines, une méthode d'estimation plus précise du contenu en mélanine (Cm) et une conception matérielle entièrement nouvelle avec des composants stables. Les résultats obtenus par ODR ont été comparés à des données fournies par une machine Ultrason médicale. Les résultats de l'expérience montrent une corrélation de Pearson forte de 0,843 par rapport aux données échographiques et prouvent que le système développé est fiable pour la mesure in vivo de la profondeur de la veine. En outre, il est proposé d'utiliser un filtre de segmentation de veine optimal (filtre adapté) dans le système d'imagerie pour permettre une segmentation et par la suite une mesure de la profondeur automatique. / The estimation of subcutaneous vein depth has been an important research topic in recent years due to its importance in optimizing the intravenous (IV) access of venipuncture. Various techniques and system of vein visualization were proposed to improve the vein viewing, but the lack of vein depth information limits the system performance in assisting the IV access; thus, the IV access in many cases remains dependent on skill or experience of the clinicians. Several techniques were proposed to estimate the vein depth using diffuse reflectance of which the optical density ratio (ODR) technique is the most complete solution. The concept of measuring the veins depth using ODR based technique is deserved to be applied in the real-world due to its low cost, non-invasive properties and from the fact that it is a non-skin contact measurement technique. Nishidate et. al. [1] suggested an optimum conditions to measure the vein depth and thickness by using ODR which was supported by experiment with customized tissue-like agar gel phantom. However, such experiment may not be sufficient to prove its application for in vivo measurement due to the lack of experiment for real data. Therefore, this thesis work was first started to improve the proposed model by Nishidate et. al. and expand it to measure the in vivo estimation of vein depth on real patients. The proposed system incorporates new components such as an autonomous vein segmentation algorithm, a more accurate estimation method for melanin content (Cm) and a fully new hardware design with reliable parts. Importantly, the experiment estimate the vein depth on real patients as well as a through comparison with Ultrasound data. The experiment results show a strong Pearson correlation of 0.843 as compared to Ultrasound data and this evidence that the developed system is works for the in vivo measurement of vein depth. Besides that, an optimum vein filter (matched filter) is proposed to be used in the imaging system to preserve the most accurate vein detection and allow the system to produce the results with least detection error. The selection of the optimum vein filter has laid an important platform from which to obtain the accurate vein segmentation of a NIR image.

Functional optical imaging encompasses the use of optical imaging techniques to study living biological systems in their native environments. Optical imaging techniques are well-suited for functional imaging because they are minimally-invasive, use non ionizing radiation, and derive contrast from a wide range of biological molecules. Modern transgenic labeling techniques, active and inactive exogenous agents, and intrinsic sources of contrast provide specific and dynamic markers of in-vivo processes at subcellular resolution. A central challenge in building functional optical imaging systems is to acquire data at high enough spatial and temporal resolutions to be able to resolve the in-vivo process(es) under study. This challenge is particularly highlighted within neuroscience where considerable effort in the field has focused on studying the structural and functional relationships within complete neurovascular units in the living brain. Many existing functional optical techniques are limited in meeting this challenge by their imaging geometries, light source(s), and/or hardware implementations. In this thesis we describe the design, construction, and application of novel 2D and 3D optical imaging systems to address this central challenge with a specific focus on functional neuroimaging applications. The 2D system is an ultra-fast, multispectral, wide-field imaging system capable of imaging 7.5 times faster than existing technologies. Its camera-first design allows for the fastest possible image acquisition rates because it is not limited by synchronization challenges that have hindered previous multispectral systems. We present the development of this system from a bench top instrument to a portable, low-cost, modular, open source, laptop based instrument. The constructed systems can acquire multispectral images at >75 frames per second with image resolutions up to 512 x 512 pixels. This increased speed means that spectral analysis more accurately reflects the instantaneous state of tissues and allows for significantly improved tracking of moving objects. We describe 3 quantitative applications of these systems to in-vivo research and clinical studies of cortical imaging and calcium signaling in stem cells. The design and source code of the portable system was released to the greater scientific community to help make high-speed, multispectral imaging more accessible to a larger number of dynamic imaging applications, and to foster further development of the software package. The second system we developed is an entirely new, high-speed, 3D fluorescence microscopy platform called Laser-Scanning Intersecting Plane Tomography (L-SIPT). L-SIPT uses a novel combination of light-sheet illumination and off-axis detection to provide en-face 3D imaging of samples. L-SIPT allows samples to move freely in their native environments, enabling a range of experiments not possible with previous 3D optical imaging techniques. The constructed system is capable of acquiring 3D images at rates >20 volumes per second (VPS) with volume resolutions of 1400 x 50 x 150 pixels, over a 200 fold increase over conventional laser scanning microscopes. Spatial resolution is set by choice of telescope design. We developed custom opto-mechanical components, computer raytracing models to guide system design and to characterize the technique's fundamental resolution limits, and phantoms and biological samples to refine the system's performance capabilities. We describe initial applications development of the system to image freely moving, transgenic Drosophila Melanogaster larvae, 3D calcium signaling and hemodynamics in transgenic and exogenously labeled rodent cortex in-vivo, and 3D calcium signaling in acute transgenic rodent cortical brain slices in-vitro.

<p>The trichromatic principle of representing color has for a long time been dominating in color imaging. The reason is the trichromatic nature of human color vision, but as the characteristics of typical color imaging devices are different from those of human eyes, there is a need to go beyond the trichromatic approach. The interest for multi-channel imaging, i.e. increasing the number of color channels, has made it an active research topic with a substantial potential of application.</p><p>To achieve consistent color imaging, one needs to map the imaging-device data to the device-independent colorimetric representations CIEXYZ or CIELAB, the key concept of color management. As the color coordinates depend not only on the reflective spectrum of the object but also on the spectral properties of the illuminant, the colorimetric representation suffers from metamerism, i.e. objects of the same color under a specific illumination may appear different when they are illuminated by other light sources. Furthermore, when the sensitivities of the imaging device differ from the CIE color matching functions, two spectra that appear different for human observers may result in identical device response. On contrary, in multispectral imaging, color is represented by the object’s physical characteristics namely the spectrum which is illuminant independent. With multispectral imaging, different spectra are readily distinguishable, no matter they are metameric or not. The spectrum can then be transformed to any color space and be rendered under any illumination.</p><p>The focus of the thesis is high quality image-acquisition in colorimetric and multispectral formats. The image acquisition system used is an experimental system with great flexibility in illumination and image acquisition setup. Besides the conventional trichromatic RGB filters, the system also provides the possibility of acquiring multi-channel images, using 7 narrowband filters. A thorough calibration and characterization of all the components involved in the image acquisition system is carried out. The spectral sensitivity of the CCD camera, which can not be derived by direct measurements, is estimated using least squares regression, optimizing the camera response to measured spectral reflectance of carefully selected color samples.</p><p>To derive mappings to colorimetric and multispectral representations, two conceptually different approaches are used. In the model-based approach, the physical model describing the image acquisition process is inverted, to reconstruct spectral reflectance from the recorded device response. In the empirical approach, the characteristics of the individual components are ignored, and the functions are derived by relating the device response for a set of test colors to the corresponding colorimetric and spectral measurements, using linear and polynomial least squares regression.</p><p>The results indicate that for trichromatic imaging, accurate colorimetric mappings can be derived by the empirical approach, using polynomial regression to CIEXYZ and CIELAB. Because of the media-dependency, the characterization functions should be derived for each combination of media and colorants. However, accurate spectral data reconstruction requires for multi-channel imaging, using the model-based approach. Moreover, the model-based approach is general, since it is based on the spectral characteristics of the image acquisition system, rather than the characteristics of a set of color samples.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:70

To reproduce color images in print, the continuous tone image is first transformed into a binary halftone image, producing various colors by discrete dots with varying area coverage. In halftone prints on paper, physical and optical dot gains generally occur, making the print look darker than expected, and making the modeling of halftone color reproduction a challenge. Most available models are based on macroscopic color measurements, averaging the reflectance over an area that is large in relation to the halftone dots. The aim of this study is to go beyond the macroscopic approach, and study halftone color reproduction on a micro-scale level, using high resolution images of halftone prints. An experimental imaging system, combining the accuracy of color measurement instruments with a high spatial resolution, opens up new possibilities to study and analyze halftone color prints. The experimental image acquisition offers a great flexibility in the image acquisition setup. Besides trichromatic RGB filters, the system is also equipped with a set of 7 narrowband filters, for multi-channel images. A thorough calibration and characterization of all the components in the imaging system is described. The spectral sensitivity of the CCD camera, which can not be derived by direct measurements, is estimated using least squares regression. To reconstruct spectral reflectance and colorimetric values from the device response, two conceptually different approaches are used. In the model-based characterization, the physical model describing the image acquisition process is inverted, to reconstruct spectral reflectance from the recorded device response. In the empirical characterization, the characteristics of the individual components are ignored, and the functions are derived by relating the device response for a set of test colors to the corresponding colorimetric and spectral measurements, using linear and polynomial least squares regression techniques. Micro-scale images, referring to images whose resolution is high in relation to the resolution of the halftone, allow for measurements of the individual halftone dots, as well as the paper between them. To capture the characteristics of large populations of halftone dots, reflectance histograms are computed as well as 3D histograms in CIEXYZ color space. The micro-scale measurements reveal that the reflectance for the halftone dots, as well as the paper between the dots, is not constant, but varies with the dot area coverage. By incorporating the varying micro-reflectance in an expanded Murray-Davies model, the nonlinearity caused by optical dot gain can be accounted for without applying the nonphysical exponentiation of the reflectance values, as in the commonly used Yule-Nielsen model. Due to their different intrinsic nature, physical and optical dot gains need to be treated separately when modeling the outcome of halftone prints. However, in measurements of reflection colors, physical and optical dot gains always co-exist, making the separation a difficult task. Different methods to separate the physical and optical dot gain are evaluated, using spectral reflectance measurements, transmission scans and micro-scale images. Further, the relation between the physical dot gain and the halftone dot size is investigated, demonstrated with FM halftones of various print resolutions. The physical dot gain exhibits a clear correlation with the dot size and the dot gain increase is proportional to the increase in print resolution. The experimental observations are followed by discussions and a theoretical explanation.

abstract: Future robotic and human missions to the Moon and Mars will need in situ capabilities to characterize the mineralogy of rocks and soils within a microtextural context. Such spatially-correlated information is considered crucial for correct petrogenetic interpretations and will be key observations for assessing the potential for past habitability on Mars. These data will also enable the selection of the highest value samples for further analysis and potential caching for return to Earth. The Multispectral Microscopic Imager (MMI), similar to a geologist's hand lens, advances the capabilities of current microimagers by providing multispectral, microscale reflectance images of geological samples, where each image pixel is comprised of a 21-band spectrum ranging from 463 to 1735 nm. To better understand the capabilities of the MMI in future surface missions to the Moon and Mars, geological samples comprising a range of Mars-relevant analog environments as well as 18 lunar rocks and four soils, from the Apollo collection were analyzed with the MMI. Results indicate that the MMI images resolve the fine-scale microtextural features of samples, and provide important information to help constrain mineral composition. Spectral end-member mapping revealed the distribution of Fe-bearing minerals (silicates and oxides), along with the presence of hydrated minerals. In the case of the lunar samples, the MMI observations also revealed the presence of opaques, glasses, and in some cases, the effects of space weathering in samples. MMI-based petrogenetic interpretations compare favorably with laboratory observations (including VNIR spectroscopy, XRD, and thin section petrography) and previously published analyses in the literature (for the lunar samples). The MMI was also deployed as part of the 2010 ILSO-ISRU field test on the slopes of Mauna Kea, Hawaii and inside the GeoLab as part of the 2011 Desert RATS field test at the Black Point Lava Flow in northern Arizona to better assess the performance of the MMI under realistic field conditions (including daylight illumination) and mission constraints to support human exploration. The MMI successfully imaged rocks and soils in outcrops and samples under field conditions and mission operation scenarios, revealing the value of the MMI to support future rover and astronaut exploration of planetary surfaces. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Geological Sciences 2012

Visual field tests are routinely used for the detection and management of glaucoma. This thesis focuses on monitoring the vigilance during perimetry with pupil dynamics (pupillary movements, blinks) in glaucoma patients and the performance of using subsets of standard test patterns at detecting glaucomatous field loss. It describes the spatial pattern of visual field changes in diabetic retinopathy patients after treatment and the usage of multispectral imaging of the optic nerve head in glaucoma patients.The first investigation evaluated the use of pupillary parameters (pupil size and amplitude of pupillary oscillations) to monitor vigilance during perimetry in comparison to electroencephalography. A significant correlation was observed between the decreased pupil size and increased slow brain activities (theta and alpha). The inter-test threshold variability correlated with the pupil miosis.Another investigation explored blinks during a perimetric test and their relationship to the variability of threshold sensitivity in glaucoma patients. A wide range of blink frequencies was observed in glaucoma patients during perimetry and the timing of blinks was correlated with the stimuli presentations when they were supra-threshold. No significant relationship was observed between the threshold sensitivity variability and blink parameters (frequency, duration and microsleep numbers).The third investigation evaluated the use of subset of the 24-2 visual field test pattern at detecting glaucomatous field loss. A high sensitivity and specificity was observed when using subsets of the 24-2 pattern and test locations optimized by the positive predictive values showed a better performance than the test locations in random sequences.With the usage of a self-organized mapping method, nine spatial patterns of visual field loss in untreated diabetic retinopathy patients were classified. After laser treatment, a significant improvement on the spatial patterns of field loss and global indices was found.In the multispectral imaging study, the haemoglobin dependent differential light absorption (DLA) properties of the glaucomatous optic nerve head was evaluated with multispectral imaging. Change of DLA after medical hypotensive treatment was graded by five experts and no difference was observed in most of the patients.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(人間健康科学) / 乙第13562号 / 論人健博第12号 / 新制||人健||8(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 高桑 徹也, 教授 藤井 康友, 教授 長尾 美紀 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Human Health Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM