Th.--Sci.--Grenoble 1, 1978. N°: DE 46.

Driven by a host of emerging applications (e.g., sensor networks and wireless video), distributed source coding (i.e., Slepian-Wolf coding, Wyner-Ziv coding and various other forms of multiterminal source coding), has recently become a very active research area. In this thesis, we first design a practical coding scheme for the quadratic Gaussian Wyner-Ziv problem, because in this special case, no rate loss is suffered due to the unavailability of the side information at the encoder. In order to approach the Wyner-Ziv distortion limit D??W Z(R), the trellis coded quantization (TCQ) technique is employed to quantize the source X, and irregular LDPC code is used to implement Slepian-Wolf coding of the quantized source input Q(X) given the side information Y at the decoder. An optimal non-linear estimator is devised at the joint decoder to compute the conditional mean of the source X given the dequantized version of Q(X) and the side information Y . Assuming ideal Slepian-Wolf coding, our scheme performs only 0.2 dB away from the Wyner-Ziv limit D??W Z(R) at high rate, which mirrors the performance of entropy-coded TCQ in classic source coding. Practical designs perform 0.83 dB away from D??W Z(R) at medium rates. With 2-D trellis-coded vector quantization, the performance gap to D??W Z(R) is only 0.66 dB at 1.0 b/s and 0.47 dB at 3.3 b/s. We then extend the proposed Wyner-Ziv coding scheme to the quadratic Gaussian multiterminal source coding problem with two encoders. Both direct and indirect settings of multiterminal source coding are considered. An asymmetric code design containing one classical source coding component and one Wyner-Ziv coding component is first introduced and shown to be able to approach the corner points on the theoretically achievable limits in both settings. To approach any point on the theoretically achievable limits, a second approach based on source splitting is then described. One classical source coding component, two Wyner-Ziv coding components, and a linear estimator are employed in this design. Proofs are provided to show the achievability of any point on the theoretical limits in both settings by assuming that both the source coding and the Wyner-Ziv coding components are optimal. The performance of practical schemes is only 0.15 b/s away from the theoretical limits for the asymmetric approach, and up to 0.30 b/s away from the limits for the source splitting approach.

We consider the asymptotic minimum rate under the logarithmic loss distortion constraint. More specifically, we find the asymptotic minimum rate expression when given distortions get close to 0. The problem under consideration is separate encoding and joint decoding of correlated two information sources, subject to a logarithmic loss distortion constraint. We introduce a test channel, whose transition probability (conditional probability mass function) captures the encoding and decoding process. Firstly, we find the expression for the special case of doubly symmetric binary sources with binary-output test channels. Then the result is extended to the case where the test channels are arbitrary. When given distortions get close to 0, the asymptotic rate coincides with that for the aforementioned special case. Finally, we consider the general case and show that the key findings for the special case continue to hold. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

The Karhunen–Loève Transform (KLT) is prevalent nowadays in communication and signal processing. This thesis aims at attaining the KLT in the encoders and achieving the minimum sum rate in the case of Gaussian multiterminal source coding. In the general multiterminal source coding case, the data collected at the terminals will be compressed in a distributed manner, then communicated the fusion center for reconstruction. The data source is assumed to be a Gaussian random vector in this thesis. We introduce the rate-distortion function to formulate the optimization problem. The rate-distortion function focuses on achieving the minimum encoding sum rate, subject to a given distortion. The main purpose in the thesis is to propose a distributed KLT for encoders to deal with the sampled data and produce the minimum sum rate. To determine the distributed Karhunen–Loève transform, we propose three kinds of algorithms. The rst iterative algorithm is derived directly from the saddle point analysis of the optimization problem. Then we come up with another algorithm by combining the original rate-distortion function with Wyner's common information, and this algorithm still has to be solved in an iterative way. Moreover, we also propose algorithms without iterations. This kind of algorithms will generate the unknown variables from the existing variables and calculate the result directly.All those algorithms can make the lower-bound and upper-bound of the minimum sum rate converge, for the gap can be reduced to a relatively small range comparing to the value of the upper-bound and lower-bound. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Com o aumento de uso de fontes renováveis para geração de energia e o aprimoramento da tecnologia de conversores fonte de tensão (VSC – Voltage Source Converter), sistemas baseados em corrente contínua não só se tornaram viáveis como também se tornaram uma alternativa vantajosa em diversas situações. O uso de diversos conversores conectados em uma rede, isto é uma rede VSC-HVDC multiterminal, se apresenta como um caminho para a conexão de diversas fontes, como geradores eólicos e solares de maneira eficiente e economicamente vantajosa. No entanto, este tipo de rede possui algumas limitações, por exemplo, é mais sensível a faltas que um sistema de corrente contínua baseado em conversores do tipofonte de corrente (CSC – Current Source Converter). Desta forma, o estudo de faltas em sistemas VSC-HVDC é necessário para o desenvolvimento de mecanismos de proteção para estes sistemas. Neste contexto é importante o desenvolvimento de metodologias para a localização de faltas em sistemas MTDC, uma vez que este tipo de informação pode ajudar as equipes de manutenção a encontrarem as falhas e resolverem o problema da maneira mais rápida possível. Embora existam diversos estudos e metodologias desenvolvidas para sistemas de corrente alternada, ou para sistemas de corrente contínua de dois terminais, os estudos em redes de corrente contínua multiterminais ainda são poucos e em geral atendem a apenas um tipo de rede, mostrando assim a necessidade de mais estudos na área. Desta forma, o objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia localização de faltas em um sistema HVDC multiterminal, que contará também com técnicas já propostas na literatura para a detecção das falhas.Neste documento são mostrados o embasamento teórico, os estudos realizados para o desenvolvimento do tema, bem como os resultados obtidos para a localização de faltas em um sistema teste de simulação. / The increase of the use of renewable sources for power generation and the enhancement of Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology, DC-based systems have become viable and an advantageous alternative in many situations. The use of several converters connected in a network, ie a multi-terminal VSC-HVDC network, is presented as a way to connect several sources, such as wind and solar generators in an efficient and economically advantageous way. However, this type of network has some limitations, for example, it is more sensitive to faults than a DC current system based on Current Source Converter (CSC). Therefore, the study of faults in VSC-HVDC systems is necessary for the development of protections for these systems. In this context it is important to develop fault location methodologies in MTDC systems since this type of information can help maintenance teams to find fault and solve the problem as quickly as possible. Although there are several studies and methodologies developed for alternating current systems or for two-terminal DC systems, there are few studies on multiterminal DC networks and this studies generally address only one type of network, thus showing the need for more studies in the area. Thus, the objective of this master\'s thesis is the development of a fault localization methodology in a multi-terminal HVDC system, which will also have techniques already proposed in the literature for the detection of faults. In this document are shown the theoretical background, the studies carried out for the development of the theme, as well as the results obtained for fault localization in a simulation test system.

This dissertation is primarily concerned with the communication required to achieve secret key (SK) capacity in a multiterminal source model. The multiterminal source model introduced by Csiszár and Narayan consists of a group of remotely located terminals with access to correlated sources and a noiseless public channel. The terminals wish to secure their communication by agreeing upon a group secret key. The key agreement protocol involves communicating over the public channel, and agreeing upon an SK secured from eavesdroppers listening to the public communication. The SK capacity, i.e., the maximum rate of an SK that can be agreed upon by the terminals, has been characterized by Csiszár and Narayan. Their capacity-achieving key generation protocol involved terminals communicating to attain omniscience, i.e., every terminal gets to recover the sources of the other terminals. While this is a very general protocol, it often requires larger rates of public communication than is necessary to achieve SK capacity. The primary focus of this dissertation is to characterize the communication complexity, i.e., the minimum rate of public discussion needed to achieve SK capacity. A lower bound to communication complexity is derived for a general multiterminal source, although it turns out to be loose in general. While the minimum rate of communication for omniscience is always an upper bound to the communication complexity, we derive tighter upper bounds to communication complexity for a special class of multiterminal sources, namely, the hypergraphical sources. This upper bound yield a complete characterization of hypergraphical sources where communication for omniscience is a rate-optimal protocol for SK generation, i.e., the communication complexity equals the minimum rate of communication for omniscience. Another aspect of the public communication touched upon by this dissertation is the necessity of omnivocality, i.e., all terminals communicating, to achieve the SK capacity. It is well known that in two-terminal sources, only one terminal communicating success to generate a maximum rate secret key. However, we are able to show that for three or more terminals, omnivocality is indeed required to achieve SK capacity if a certain condition is met. For the specific case of three terminals, we show that this condition is also necessary to ensure omnivocality is essential in generating a SK of maximal rate. However, this condition is no longer necessary when there are four or more terminals. A certain notion of common information, namely, the Wyner common information, plays a central role in the communication complexity problem. This dissertation thus includes a study of multiparty versions of the two widely used notions of common information, namely, Wyner common information and Gács-Körner (GK) common information. While evaluating these quantities is difficult in general, we are able to derive explicit expressions for both types of common information in the case of hypergraphical sources. We also study fault-tolerant SK capacity in this dissertation. The maximum rate of SK that can be generated even if an arbitrary subset of terminals drops out is called a fault-tolerant SK capacity. Now, suppose we have a fixed number of pairwise SKs. How should one distribute them amongpairs of terminals, to ensure good fault tolerance behavior in generating a groupSK? We show that the distribution of the pairwise keys according to a Harary graph provides a certain degree of fault tolerance, and bounds are obtained on its fault-tolerant SK capacity.

Este trabalho aborda os sistemas multiterminais para transmissão em corrente contínua baseados em conversores do tipo fonte de corrente (CSC - current source converters). São apresentados resultados de estudo em um sistema multiterminal em corrente contínua (MTDC) de quatro terminais em três estações inserido no sistema norte-nordeste brasileiro, tendo como enfoque principal a sua modelagem, simulação e desempenho em relação à estabilidade durante transitórios eletromecânicos. O sistema é modelado nos programas PSCAD/EMTDC e EMTP-RV, com detalhe para a topologia, os controles e requisitos do MTDC. São também descritos e modelados os conversores a tiristores, as linhas em corrente contínua, bancos capacitivos para compensação de fator de potência, bem como os geradores síncronos e seus reguladores. O desempenho do sistema é avaliado por meio de simulações de inicialização, de regime permanente e transitória diante de contingências. Com isso, esta pesquisa contribui para a compreensão do desempenho de sistemas MTDC e para a criação de modelos para inserção nos programas de transitórios eletromecânicos. / This work addresses the CSC-based, multiterminal solution for DC transmission. The focus of the study was to analyze a four-terminal three-station MTDC scheme inserted in the Brazilian north-northeast power system through modeling, simulation and evaluation of performance regarding stability during electromechanical transients. The system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC and EMTP-RV programs, with special detail in the MTDC topology, controls and technical/operative requirements. It is also described the thyristor-based converters, the DC lines, capacitor banks for power factor compensation, as well as the synchronous generators and their regulators. The system performance is evaluated through simulation of converter initialization, steady state response and transient response after contingencies. Thus, this research not only contributes to the understanding of the performance and operation of MTDC systems, but it also assists the development of MTDC models for electromechanical transient programs.

Este trabalho aborda os sistemas multiterminais para transmissão em corrente contínua baseados em conversores do tipo fonte de corrente (CSC - current source converters). São apresentados resultados de estudo em um sistema multiterminal em corrente contínua (MTDC) de quatro terminais em três estações inserido no sistema norte-nordeste brasileiro, tendo como enfoque principal a sua modelagem, simulação e desempenho em relação à estabilidade durante transitórios eletromecânicos. O sistema é modelado nos programas PSCAD/EMTDC e EMTP-RV, com detalhe para a topologia, os controles e requisitos do MTDC. São também descritos e modelados os conversores a tiristores, as linhas em corrente contínua, bancos capacitivos para compensação de fator de potência, bem como os geradores síncronos e seus reguladores. O desempenho do sistema é avaliado por meio de simulações de inicialização, de regime permanente e transitória diante de contingências. Com isso, esta pesquisa contribui para a compreensão do desempenho de sistemas MTDC e para a criação de modelos para inserção nos programas de transitórios eletromecânicos. / This work addresses the CSC-based, multiterminal solution for DC transmission. The focus of the study was to analyze a four-terminal three-station MTDC scheme inserted in the Brazilian north-northeast power system through modeling, simulation and evaluation of performance regarding stability during electromechanical transients. The system is modeled in PSCAD/EMTDC and EMTP-RV programs, with special detail in the MTDC topology, controls and technical/operative requirements. It is also described the thyristor-based converters, the DC lines, capacitor banks for power factor compensation, as well as the synchronous generators and their regulators. The system performance is evaluated through simulation of converter initialization, steady state response and transient response after contingencies. Thus, this research not only contributes to the understanding of the performance and operation of MTDC systems, but it also assists the development of MTDC models for electromechanical transient programs.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à un point quantique<br />connecté à trois réservoirs. Le nuage Kondo se développe<br />essentiellement dans le troisième réservoir, fortement couplé au point<br />quantique, alors que les deux autres réservoirs, faiblement couplés au<br />point quantique, servent à sonder le système par des mesures de<br />transport.<br />Après avoir modélisé une telle géométrie triterminale, nous<br />avons calculé la matrice de conductance à température nulle par la<br />théorie des liquides de Fermi.<br />Dans le reste de la thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés au cas<br />où le troisième réservoir est de taille finie, ce qui confère à sa densité d'état une structure en pics.<br />Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié le système par le<br />groupe de renormalisation perturbatif et nous avons calculé la<br />température Kondo, principale échelle d'énergie du problème.<br />Ensuite, nous avons calculé la matrice de conductance du<br />système dans différents régimes de température. Pour des températures<br />très grandes devant la température Kondo, nous avons utilisé une<br />approche perturbative. Pour des températures très petites devant la<br />température Kondo, nous avons utilisé une théorie de type liquides de<br />Fermi. Et dans le régime intermédiaire, nous avons utilisé une méthode<br />numérique appelée théorie des bosons esclaves en champ moyen. Dans ce<br />dernier régime a également été menée à terme une analyse<br />spectroscopique de la densité d'état du point quantique.

Driven by a host of emerging applications (e.g., sensor networks and wireless video), distributed source coding (i.e., Slepian-Wolf coding, Wyner-Ziv coding and various other forms of multiterminal source coding), has recently become a very active research area. This dissertation focuses on multiterminal (MT) source coding problem, and consists of three parts. The first part studies the sum-rate loss of an important special case of quadratic Gaussian multi-terminal source coding, where all sources are positively symmetric and all target distortions are equal. We first give the minimum sum-rate for joint encoding of Gaussian sources in the symmetric case, and then show that the supremum of the sum-rate loss due to distributed encoding in this case is 1 2 log2 5 4 = 0:161 b/s when L = 2 and increases in the order of º L 2 log2 e b/s as the number of terminals L goes to infinity. The supremum sum-rate loss of 0:161 b/s in the symmetric case equals to that in general quadratic Gaussian two-terminal source coding without the symmetric assumption. It is conjectured that this equality holds for any number of terminals. In the second part, we present two practical MT coding schemes under the framework of Slepian-Wolf coded quantization (SWCQ) for both direct and indirect MT problems. The first, asymmetric SWCQ scheme relies on quantization and Wyner-Ziv coding, and it is implemented via source splitting to achieve any point on the sum-rate bound. In the second, conceptually simpler scheme, symmetric SWCQ, the two quantized sources are compressed using symmetric Slepian-Wolf coding via a channel code partitioning technique that is capable of achieving any point on the Slepian-Wolf sum-rate bound. Our practical designs employ trellis-coded quantization and turbo/LDPC codes for both asymmetric and symmetric Slepian-Wolf coding. Simulation results show a gap of only 0.139-0.194 bit per sample away from the sum-rate bound for both direct and indirect MT coding problems. The third part applies the above two MT coding schemes to two practical sources, i.e., stereo video sequences to save the sum rate over independent coding of both sequences. Experiments with both schemes on stereo video sequences using H.264, LDPC codes for Slepian-Wolf coding of the motion vectors, and scalar quantization in conjunction with LDPC codes for Wyner-Ziv coding of the residual coefficients give slightly smaller sum rate than separate H.264 coding of both sequences at the same video quality.