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The problematic aspects of awarding of public procurement from the perspective of the municipality. The aim of this thesis is a presentation of certain problems associated with awarding of public procurement by public authority - the municipality. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part provides a general introduction to the topic. This part defines the basic terms and principles associated with public procurement, attention is also focused on a definition of local government units. At the beginning of the second part a legal framework of public procurement and a brief view of the future legislativ is presented. The most important section of this part describes bodies of the municipality and their competences associated with awarding of public procurement. Thereafter it deals with mistakes and shortcomings which may arise during the tender process from the part of municipalities. In this part specific situations coming from the practical experience of municipalities are described and analysed, including a list of potential impacts on municipalities. Attention is also paid to current jurisdiction and decision making practices of the Office for Protection of Competition. The final part of this thesis summarizes the conclusions drawn in the previous chapters.

M.Sc. / In a country such as South Africa, there is a rich diversity of cultural, social, traditional and religious practices. The issue of death takes on a similar diversity, as such responding to death through a burial practice differs to varying degrees with regard to burial containment, burial material and burial procedure. The last few decades have seen an increasing recognition of the impact of human activity on the environment and the critical need to transform our approach on how we plan, lead, manage and monitor our activities. The subject of death has always been sensitive, resulting in the impact of burial remains outside the mainstream environmental critique. A sustainable development approach need to be applied to the issue of burial, and best environmental options should be adopted with sensitivity to social, religious and cultural practices. As the need for land urban development increases, the available space for cemeteries is decreasing. Of the twenty-eight cemeteries in the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality, thirteen are filled up. Therefore, more space is required to bury the dead. It is also recognized that significant increases in the number of deaths due to the HIV/AIDS pandemic is causing problems for already stretched cemetery facilities throughout many parts of South Africa. Research by Fisher (2002) has shown that cemeteries have a fairly severe pollution potential, especially if situated incorrectly. Leachate produced in a cemetery is of a pathogenic nature and can pollute surface and groundwater if located too closely. In black rural areas, most cemeteries were sited by the chiefs and kings of the area, since no legislation existed to govern the cemetery sites. As a result most cemeteries were poorly sited and now possess potential health hazards for our groundwater. Groundwater is a hidden treasure for sustainable development and it plays a vital role in the community, especially in the rural areas. Groundwater is a vital resource in South Africa and sufficient measures should be taken to prevent such additional pollution. This study was undertaken to establish whether poorly sited cemeteries have an impact on groundwater quality, and how can this impact be minimized or eliminated. Therefore, the groundwater quality of Ditengteng village was analyzed chemically and microbiologically. Chemical sampling indicated that the turbidity and the colour of the water do not comply with the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS) for drinking water and the concentration of iron and manganese, which are colouring the water and may cause health hazards if consumed over a long period. Microbiological sampling results indicated that even a once-off consumption of water could cause serious health hazards. The samples collected recorded poor water quality. Despite this fact the community at Ditengteng still use this water for bathing, drinking and cooking. Since piped domestic water supplies are not available, the community depend on that water for survival. This study also indicates that an incorrectly sited cemetery can lead to the contamination of groundwater due to leachate.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / This study examines internal migration, remittances and welfare impacts among migrant households in the Dormaa Municipality in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana. Data were gathered though a questionnaire survey among 202 migrant households and in-depth interviews with 8 of them and some key informants. The findings were analysed largely based on the Push-Pull theory and New Economics of Labour Migration Theory. The findings of the study indicate that an overwhelming majority of migrant households reported an improved welfare as a result of having a migrant in their household who have moved away to other communities during the last 10 years and have been away for the last six months or are expected be away for six months or more. Majority of these migrants sent remittances back to their families left behind, either in the form of cash or goods. More males migrate than females,which is consistent with the general tendency for males to migrate more than females. The age category with the highest proportion of migrants was 30-39 years. Many of the migrants moved to another town or village in Ghana for work-related reasons, notably job transfer, work, or seek work/better work. The migrants themselves were the main people who made the decisions to migrate followed by spouses, parents and siblings, lending support to the collective decision making within households. Also, most of the migrants had some connections or contacts at their most recent migration destinations. A lot of the migrants relied on their personal savings to finance their migration whilst others received funds from family members and banks to finance their migration. The study recommend that government should make efforts to monitor remittance flow in Ghana and also increase awareness about the importance of remittance for the national and household economy. Further, there is the need to scale up education on social attitudes and discourses about internal migration and policy initiatives on remittance management in Ghana.

The lowland area of Delta Municipality in Southwestern British Columbia comprising some 50 square miles with a population of 4,000 is one of the main suppliers of food to the Vancouver market. Although 10,000 acres classified as peat are unsuited for agricultural purposes, the remaining area has a fertile soil. In addition the area has a mild climate suited to the development of a dairying economy. Settlement of Delta started in 1868 and proceeded rapidly for several years. It was the wealth of the Fraser River fisheries rather than the agricultural productivity of the land that brought early prosperity to Delta and to Ladner, the municipal centre, in particular. After the decline of the fishing industry following the Hell's Gate disaster in 1913, agriculture became the economic mainstay of the district. As a result of poor internal transportation and a lack of fresh water in the western half of the municipality early agricultural practises differed in East Delta and in West Delta. Dairying developed in the east whereas cattle ranching became prominent in the west. In both sections similar field crops were grown. The opening of a road network after 1875 and the installation of a municipal water system in 1910 resulted in dairying gradually becoming the principal industry of Delta. In recent years a diversified agriculture has become the outstanding characteristic of the land use pattern in Delta. The major uses of land are for pasture, hay and oats, with lesser amounts devoted to potatoes, peas, and a variety of other crops. Most of the farm revenue comes from the sale of fluid milk to the Greater Vancouver market. There is some industrial activity in the area. Prior to 1913 salmon canning was important but declined consequent upon the diminishing of the Eraser River salmon runs. Between 1942 and 1944 two peat processing plants commenced operations upon the peat bog. They have become the largest industrial c concerns in Delta. A vegetable canning factory, a grass dehydration plant, and a grist mill are the local industries based upon agriculture. Ladner is the municipal centre and owes its prosperity to the surrounding farming community. Originally Ladner grew in response to the fishing industry. Summer resorts have grown up at Beach Grove and Boundary Bay. Sunbury is a small fishing community along the river and Tswassen is an Indian reservation. Since 1941 an area of 1,100 acres has been used for military purposes. The conclusions arrived at in the thesis were that the area should remain as agricultural land. Danger from flooding and the limited amount of good agricultural land near the city of Vancouver are two factors which should operate against urbanization of the fertile lowlands of the Fraser Valley. In the event that urban development should come a plan to provide the necessary services and to prevent friction with the farming community has been recommended. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Thesis "Management of Municipalities in the Sphere of Heating Industry" is concerned with assessment impact of ownership relationships in operation of heat management in municipality Bystřice nad Pernštejnem and comparison prices of heat energy of municipal or private heat companies. Diploma thesis is divided into two parts. First part is theoretical-methodological and it proceeds from professional literature and it describes municipal enterprise, methods and forms of municipal company management and thesis deals with legislation conditions that adjust energy market of which part is heat industry that can be line of municipal business. Practical part analyses business activities of Bystřice nad Pernštejnem in branch of heat producing and distribution, external and internal environment of municipal company Bystřická tepelná s.r.o. and that compares prices of heat energy of municipal and private heat companies.

The municipal budget is a very important document providing the public information on the management of the municipality. This thesis deals with the analysis of the transparency of municipal budgets. The aim is to analyse and compare the transparency of the budget documents in twenty selected cities. On the basis of the created questionnaire is evaluated by the accessibility and clarity of the budget documentation published on the websites of municipalities. In addition, the thesis contains recommendations that can contribute to the publication of the budget documents in the form accessible to the citizen without a specific accounting or economic knowledge. It was recommended, in particular, to describe in detail the individual budget items, to supplement the budgetary documents on the summary tables and charts, and attach the summary and comments to budget documents.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / The primary objective of this study is to critically examine the extent to which the Drakenstein municipality has achieved the principles spelt out in legislation and policy documents in relation to the implementation of Integrated Development Planning (IDP). Central to this process is to determine the roles that each of the stakeholders plays In the design, implementation and monitoring of the IDP On investigating the IDP it became evident that there were various shortcomings in the process in which it was prepared. For example, there was a lack of participation with necessary stakeholders, and, as a result of inadequate knowledge on the subject, councillor discussion in general council meetings on issues pertaining to development and especially to the IDP process was inadequate. Also lacking was the necessary administrative capacity, and proper consultation with other spheres of government with regards to the IDP process. The IDP is a key development instrument for Drakenstein municipality and its people and it is essential that proper systems are in place to effectively address the need for development in the region. However, budgetary constraints curtail the capacity of the Municipality to address all its priorities in one given year. Important and significant gaps therefore exist between the IDP and departmental business plans. It is in these gaps where the private sector and community organisations can add to the capacity of the municipality in support of broad community development priorities. Therefore, to address the aforementioned, it was found that departments should institute business plans in order to translate strategic themes into tangible and measurable activities. The IDP should define synergies between the activities of the Council, NGOsjCBOs and the business community (especially the farming sector) where different players are encouraged to explore roles for their organisations towards a better life for all.

Thesis (M. Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / The main purpose of this study was to investigate the benefit of tourism development in Thulamela Municipality with specific reference to Mphaphuli Nature Reserve and Phiphidi Waterfalls. It was found out that the two tourist areas had great potential for tourism growth. In this study tourism was considered as an industry that had positive impacts on the quality of life a nation, province and the host community. Tourism was seen as an industry that provided employment opportunities, increased incomes and spread development. Three benefits of tourism development were mentioned in this study. The economic benefits such as employment, income etc was found to be real since there were people who were employed in these tourist areas whose quality of life changed because of tourism development. The other benefit was the environmental benefit which resulted into the conservation of nature. The social benefit of tourism development was shown to be a manner in which tourism effects changes in collective and individual value systems, behavior patterns, community structures, lifestyle and the quality of life. For the success of this study, the researcher had to decide on the research design and methodology to be employed in the study. The researcher decided on the target population from which a stratified random sampling was used to get the respondents. The research design employed in this study was the qualitative one. The research methods used to collect data were the observation and interviews. A form on which to record the field notes during observation was designed. Three types of interview questionnaires were prepared to collect data. The collected data was then analyzed. From the data collected through observation and interview, the researcher started with data analysis process. It was found that tourism development, if well fostered, can lead to economic, environmental and social benefits. There were people that were employed in these tourist areas and this improved their quality of life. Several recommendations about the critical issues raised during the study were made / Limpopo Agro-Food Technology Station (LATS) and Technology Innovation Agency (TIA)

Food has a substantial impact on climate change and the environment, to reduce the impact, the Europe Union has decided that all countries should start collecting food waste from the 1stof January 2024. In Sweden there are 30 out of 290 municipalities that doesn’t collect any food waste generated by households. This paper is set to examine what obstacles these municipalities are facing and what methods they should be using while implementing their food waste collection system. The method for determining what obstacles the municipality face was through a survey sent out to the 30 municipalities who hasn’t yet implemented the system inquiring what obstacles they were facing. To identify which methods should be used while implementing their system, five municipalities who already are collecting food waste was interviewed about which methods was effective for them and what wasn’t. The study showed that economical and logistical problems in different varieties was the most frequent issue, the source of the issues was most commonly the low-density population and large area within the municipality. The issues rendered the purpose of collecting the food waste unnecessary as well as putting substantial financial strain on the municipality. The most effective methods to manage these issues were: cooperation between municipalities, tailored collection systems with special vehicles and food waste containers along with a satisfactory communication to the households. Most municipalities predict a higher fee for the households, furthermore they find that the changing directive from the government makes it hard to plan.