Uma das principais necessidades da célula é a regulação do seu ambiente interno. Aparte da considerável importância teórica, o transporte de água é de importância prática numa ampla gama de processos, desde a proteção de células na preservação criogênica até os efeitos de certos hormônios em alguns tecidos. Virtualmente todas as células são submetidas a transições osmóticas durante o seu período de vida, uma vez que tanto o metabolismo intracelular quanto o transporte por membranas produzem flutuações nas concentrações dos solutos osmoticamente ativos. A regulação de volume celular é um fenômeno ubíquo e permite, às células, manter o seu volume normal. Células submetidas a choques anisosmóticos agudos sofrem rápidas alterações de volume (dependentes do gradiente osmótico e da permeabilidade da membrana à água e osmólitos) podendo ou não ser seguidas de lentas alterações regulatórias de volume. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho visou esclarecer alguns aspectos do transporte de água em células de melanoma murino S91 submetidas a condições anisosmóticas. Células de melanoma murino S91, foram mantidas em meio de cultura F12 HAM (290 mOsm.kgH2O-1). As medidas morfométricas das mudanças relativas de volume foram realizadas usando-se um sistema de aquisição e análise de imagens (Image Pro-Lite, Media Cybernetics). As células foram expostas tanto a choques hiposmóticos agudos (190 mOsm.kgH2O-1) como a choques hiperosmóticos agudos (350 mOsm.kgH2O-1) em diferentes temperaturas (de 17 a 37 oC) e em diferentes doses (de 0,001 a 1000 µM) de HgCl2, um bloqueador de aquaporinas (AQP). Os resultados sugerem que: (i) o tempo de regulação de volume em células de melanoma murino S91 é dependente da temperatura; (ii) o fluxo osmótico de água apresenta valores de Energia de Ativação compatíveis com aqueles propostos para o trânsito de água através de aquaporinas (Ea < 6 kcal.mol-1); (iii) o HgCl2 afeta de forma dose dependente as respostas osmóticas em células de melanoma murino S91 e sugerem a presença de mais de um tipo de AQP. Nestas condições as concentrações necessárias para reduzir ao máximo a permeabilidade osmótica à água estão localizadas na faixa de 0,1-1,0 µM HgCl2. / One of the major needs of living cells is the regulation of their internal environment. Apart from being of considerable theoretical importance, the transport of water is of practical importance in a broad range of process, from the protection of cells undergoing cryogenic preservation to the effects of certain hormones in some tissues. Virtually all the cells are submitted the osmotic transitions during their period of life, because both intracellular metabolism and transmembrane transport produce fluctuations in concentrations of osmolytes. The regulation of cellular volume is a phenomenon ubiquitous and allows, to the cells, to keep their normal volume. Cells subjected to acute anisosmotic shocks suffer from fast alterations in volume (depending on the osmotic gradient and on the permeability of the membrane to the water and osmotically active substances), and followed or not by a slow volume regulation response. Thus, the present work aims to clarify some aspects of the water transport in murine melanoma S91 cells subjected to anisosmotic conditions. S91 murine melanoma cells were grown in F12 HAM medium (290 mOsm.kgH2O-1). Morphometric measurements of relative changes in cell volume were performed using a video microscopy system and a PC software (Image Pro-Lite, Media Cybernetics). The experimental cells were exposed either to acute hyposmotic shocks (190 mOsm.kgH2O-1) or to acute hyperosmotic shocks (350 mOsm.kgH2O-1), in different temperatures (ranging from 17 to 37 oC) and in the presence of HgCl2 (from 0,001 to 1000 µM), an aquaporin blocker. The results of the present study indicate that: (i) the time of volume regulation in S91 murine melanoma cells is dependent on temperature; (ii) the values of osmotic water flow are compatible with activation energy through aquaporins (E < 6 kcal.mol-1) and (iii) HgCl2 treatments affect osmotic behavior of S91 murine melanoma cells in a dose-response manner and also suggest the presence of more than one type of aquaporin. Minimum osmotic water permeabilities were observed in a range of µM HgCl2 treatments.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2019-03-15T11:31:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Louise Nicolle Bach.pdf: 1549158 bytes, checksum: f6d6348279d210b0576bb37a8562f3a4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-15T11:31:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Louise Nicolle Bach.pdf: 1549158 bytes, checksum: f6d6348279d210b0576bb37a8562f3a4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ntrodução: O Melanoma é a principal neoplasia em cavidade oral de cães domésticos. Ocorre principalmente em gengiva, e caracteriza-se pela progressão acelerada, altos índices de recidiva, metástase e resistência a terapias propostas. Tais aspectos impulsionaram o presente estudo, considerando a ausência de um modelo experimental para essa neoplasia, que possibilite a realização de ensaios pré-clínicos. Objetivos: Induzir a formação de melanoma oral murino em camundongos C57Bl/6J, e estudar suas características macroscópicas e histopatológicas. Método: trata-se de um estudo experimental. Trinta camundongos C57Bl/6J (Mus musculus) foram submetidos a indução tumoral através da injeção de células da linhagem de melanoma murino B16F10 em gengiva inferior direita porção vestibular, em duas concentrações celulares, originando dois grupos distintos: Grupo 1 (n=15) que receberam 0,1 ml contendo 1x104 células de melanoma murino B16F10; Grupo 2 (n=15) que receberam 0,1 ml contendo 5x104 células de melanoma murino B16F10. Para ambos os grupos foram realizadas eutanásias programadas aos sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimoprimeiro dias de pós-operatório, com ressecção ex-vivo da hemicabeça direita. Após a exclusão dos indivíduos que foram a óbito antes do período determinado para eutanásia, obteve-se um número de indivíduos na amostra (n) de 21. Foi realizada análise macroscópica das formações tumorais. Para o estudo histológico comparativo, analisaram-se amostras de melanoma oral canino melânico no que tange aos aspectos morfométricos e morfológicos. Resultados: Houve diferença no desenvolvimento tumoral para cada concentração celular utilizada na indução. Notouse correlação positiva entre volume tumoral e número de células. Conclusão: A indução de melanoma oral em camundongos para fins de modelo de estudo pré-clínico para cães se mostrou uma alternativa útil, viável e reproduzível. / Introduction: Melanoma is the most common neoplasm in oral cavity of dogs. Melanoma has a predilection for the gum, and it is characterized by accelerated progression and high rates of relapse, metastasis and resistance to proposed therapies. Those factors inspires the present study, considering the lack of an experimental model for melanoma. Method: This is an experimental study. Thirty C57Bl / 6J mice (Mus musculus) were submitted to tumor induction by injecting murine melanoma B16F10 cells into the right lower gum using two different cell concentrations. Mice were divided in two groups: Group 1 (n = 15) received 1x104 murine melanoma B16F10 cells injection; Group 2 (n = 15) received 5x104 murine melanoma B16F10 cells injections. For both groups, euthanasia was scheduled at the 7th., 14th. and 21th. postoperative day, with post-mortem hemi-resection of the jaw. Individuals who died before the euthanasia period were excluded, leaving 21 mice. Macroscopic analysis of tumor formations was performed. For comparative histological study, oral canine melanoma samples were analyzed for morphological aspects. Data sete analyzed with BioStat 5.3 and submitted to non-parametric statistical tests. Results: Different tumor characteristics (tumor volume, presence of irregular margins, ulceration and dark coloration) were observed for each cell concentration used in the induction, as well perfect correlation between tumor volume and tumor growth. Conclusion: The induction of oral melanoma in mice for purposes of preclinical study model for dogs is an useful, viable and reproducible alternative.

Uma das principais necessidades da célula é a regulação do seu ambiente interno. Aparte da considerável importância teórica, o transporte de água é de importância prática numa ampla gama de processos, desde a proteção de células na preservação criogênica até os efeitos de certos hormônios em alguns tecidos. Virtualmente todas as células são submetidas a transições osmóticas durante o seu período de vida, uma vez que tanto o metabolismo intracelular quanto o transporte por membranas produzem flutuações nas concentrações dos solutos osmoticamente ativos. A regulação de volume celular é um fenômeno ubíquo e permite, às células, manter o seu volume normal. Células submetidas a choques anisosmóticos agudos sofrem rápidas alterações de volume (dependentes do gradiente osmótico e da permeabilidade da membrana à água e osmólitos) podendo ou não ser seguidas de lentas alterações regulatórias de volume. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho visou esclarecer alguns aspectos do transporte de água em células de melanoma murino S91 submetidas a condições anisosmóticas. Células de melanoma murino S91, foram mantidas em meio de cultura F12 HAM (290 mOsm.kgH2O-1). As medidas morfométricas das mudanças relativas de volume foram realizadas usando-se um sistema de aquisição e análise de imagens (Image Pro-Lite, Media Cybernetics). As células foram expostas tanto a choques hiposmóticos agudos (190 mOsm.kgH2O-1) como a choques hiperosmóticos agudos (350 mOsm.kgH2O-1) em diferentes temperaturas (de 17 a 37 oC) e em diferentes doses (de 0,001 a 1000 µM) de HgCl2, um bloqueador de aquaporinas (AQP). Os resultados sugerem que: (i) o tempo de regulação de volume em células de melanoma murino S91 é dependente da temperatura; (ii) o fluxo osmótico de água apresenta valores de Energia de Ativação compatíveis com aqueles propostos para o trânsito de água através de aquaporinas (Ea < 6 kcal.mol-1); (iii) o HgCl2 afeta de forma dose dependente as respostas osmóticas em células de melanoma murino S91 e sugerem a presença de mais de um tipo de AQP. Nestas condições as concentrações necessárias para reduzir ao máximo a permeabilidade osmótica à água estão localizadas na faixa de 0,1-1,0 µM HgCl2. / One of the major needs of living cells is the regulation of their internal environment. Apart from being of considerable theoretical importance, the transport of water is of practical importance in a broad range of process, from the protection of cells undergoing cryogenic preservation to the effects of certain hormones in some tissues. Virtually all the cells are submitted the osmotic transitions during their period of life, because both intracellular metabolism and transmembrane transport produce fluctuations in concentrations of osmolytes. The regulation of cellular volume is a phenomenon ubiquitous and allows, to the cells, to keep their normal volume. Cells subjected to acute anisosmotic shocks suffer from fast alterations in volume (depending on the osmotic gradient and on the permeability of the membrane to the water and osmotically active substances), and followed or not by a slow volume regulation response. Thus, the present work aims to clarify some aspects of the water transport in murine melanoma S91 cells subjected to anisosmotic conditions. S91 murine melanoma cells were grown in F12 HAM medium (290 mOsm.kgH2O-1). Morphometric measurements of relative changes in cell volume were performed using a video microscopy system and a PC software (Image Pro-Lite, Media Cybernetics). The experimental cells were exposed either to acute hyposmotic shocks (190 mOsm.kgH2O-1) or to acute hyperosmotic shocks (350 mOsm.kgH2O-1), in different temperatures (ranging from 17 to 37 oC) and in the presence of HgCl2 (from 0,001 to 1000 µM), an aquaporin blocker. The results of the present study indicate that: (i) the time of volume regulation in S91 murine melanoma cells is dependent on temperature; (ii) the values of osmotic water flow are compatible with activation energy through aquaporins (E < 6 kcal.mol-1) and (iii) HgCl2 treatments affect osmotic behavior of S91 murine melanoma cells in a dose-response manner and also suggest the presence of more than one type of aquaporin. Minimum osmotic water permeabilities were observed in a range of µM HgCl2 treatments.

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a mosquito-borne flavivirus is the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE). The disease affects mostly children and around 30000– 50000 cases of JE and up to 15000 deaths are reported annually. No anti-viral drugs have been discovered against JE so far, but advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology of flaviviruses is propelling flaviviral drug research at an expeditious pace. Since JEV has a small genome which encodes for only ten proteins, there is dearth of potential drug targets. Researchers are now focusing on cellular interactomes, a complex and dynamic molecular biosystem which identifies host proteins which interact with either viral proteins or viral genomes, leading to the generation of an astronomical number of potential drug targets involving common cellular pathways that are required for the life cycle of different viruses. Such studies can pave way for the development of ‘broad-spectrum’, ‘silver-bullet’ anti-viral drugs for the treatment of multiple viral diseases. The cellular interactomes can be studied by Genomics tools such as microarray. Systematic profiling of genes involved in virus infection by RNAi, transcriptome sequencing, microRNA profiling and yeast two-hybrid system has allowed us to assess global gene expression changes providing an unprecedented view on the host-side of the virus–host interactions. Advent of these tools has led to identification of plethora anti-viral genes. For example, over expression of IFN-stimulated gene15 (ISG15) results in inhibition of JEV leading to significant reduction of viral titers. Chemokine profiling of JEV-infected cells by microarray can provide possible therapeutic modalities that can mitigate the morbidity associated with JEV infection. Functional classification of interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) identified using innovative methods have been the stepping stone for identification of many anti-viral genes, among them are few Broadly acting effectors like IRF1, C6orf150, HPSE, RIG-I, MDA5 and IFITM3 and some more targeted antiviral specific like DDX60, IFI44L, IFI6, IFITM2, MAP3K14, MOV10, NAMPT, OASL, RTP4, TREX1 and UNC84B. In this study, we have identified a B16F10 murine melanoma cell line that is resistant to JEV infection. DNA microarray analysis of JEV-susceptible and resistant B16F10 cell lines gave us interesting insights into JEV-induced host gene expression changes. Real time PCR validation of microarray data indicates that a number of virus and interferon inducible genes are expressed constitutively at high levels in this JEV-resistant cell line. Further, several of the mouse genes induced by JEV in B16F10 cell line were also upregulated in JEV-infected mouse brain. To understand the significance of these host gene expression changes, we attempted to generate stable murine cell lines constitutively expressing select JEV-inducible genes and study the JEV infection pattern in these cell lines. One of the JEV-inducible genes encoding thymidylate kinase (Tyki), a mitochondrial protein involved in the sysnthesis of nucleoside diphosphates, when overexpressed in NIH3T3 cells confers resistance to JEV infection as evident from reduced JEV-induced cytopathic effects and significant reduction in viral titer. Since TYKI has two distinct domains: the N-terminal domain with unknown function and the C-terminal domain with the nucleoside monophosphate kinase function, suggest that TYKI may be a bifunctional protein with other biological functions in addition to its UMP-CMP kinase activity. In order to examine whether N-terminal domain is responsible for antiviral activity of the protein, a stable cell line constitutively expressing N-terminal domain of gene was made, but the overexpression of N-terminal domain didn't confer any antiviral immunity. Thus signifying importance of kinase activity in confering antiviral immunity. Our studies indicate for the first time that Tyki may have a role in host resistance to JEV and understanding the mechanism of action Tyki may pave way for novel anti-JEV therapy. Stable cell lines constitutively expressing other JEV-inducible genes (Atf3, Gimap3, Rtp4, Glipr2, Tmem140 and Garg49) couldn't be generated. Therefore, to study the effect of overexpression of these genes on JEV infection, expression vectors encoding these genes were transfected individually to human 293T cells by nucleofection, then infected with JEV and viral titres were examined by plaque assay. Nucleofection was opted as a method of choice since it is the only non-viral method, which transfects DNA directly enter the nucleus. In contrast, other commonly used non-viral transfection methods rely on cell division for the transfer of DNA into the nucleus. Nucleofection of vectors encoding different JEV-inducible genes followed by JEV infection and assay of viral titer led to identification of one more anti-viral gene and three pro-viral genes. Garg49, an interferon and JEV inducible mitochondrial gene was identified as antiviral gene. Further studies led to the identification of GARG49 as a mitochondrial protein. Three genes, Atf3, encoding a cAMP responsive element binding protein family transcription factor, Glipr2, encoding a Glioma related pathogenesis protein and Gimap3, encoding an outer mitochondrial membrane GTPase were identified as pro viral genes. Overexpression of Tmem140, encoding a transmembrane protein and Rtp4, encoding a golgi chaperone did not significantly affect JEV titer. Conclusions: . A JEV-resistant B16F10 murine melanoma cell line was identified and several JEV-inducible genes were found to be expressed constitutively at high levels in this cell line. .We demonstrate for the first time that Tyki/Ump-Cmpk2 encoding a mitochondrial nucleoside monophosphate kinase has an anti-JEV function and the C-terminal domain is essential for anti-viral activity. .Garg49/Ifit3 encodes an interferon and JEV-inducible mitochondrial protein and it has an anti-JEV function. . Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), GTPase, IMAP family member 3 (GIMAP3) and GLI pathogenesis-related 2 (GLIPR2) are pro-viral proteins which facilitate virus multiplication resulting in enhanced JEV titer.