La familia Mymaridae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) de distribución cosmopolita, cuenta con alrededor de 103 géneros y más de 1400 especies descritas; incluye algunos de los insectos más pequeños conocidos y se considera uno de los grupos de himenópteros más comunes. Sus integrantes son endoparasitoides idiobiontes de huevos de insectos de los órdenes Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Ortoptera, Psocoptera y Odonata. El género Polynema Haliday se considera uno de los más dificultosos dentro de la familia Mymaridae y es actualmente un conglomerado de 270 especies válidas clasificadas en varios grupos cercanamente relacionados y poco definidos, lo que dificulta la identificación a nivel específico. El presente trabajo de tesis tuvo como objetivo la revisión de las especies que componen el género Polynema s.l. en Argentina y países limítrofes, para lo cual se realizó el estudio que contempló la catalogación y redescripción de los taxones conocidos, descripción de nuevos taxones y elaboración de un análisis cladístico de las especies estudiadas. En el tratamiento taxonómico se proporciona para cada especie una lista sinonímica, diagnosis, descripción de hembra y macho, medidas correspondientes, hospedador, distribución, observaciones, material tipo y material estudiado. Se utilizaron los caracteres empleados tradicionalmente en las descripciones agregando otros que resultaron diagnósticos. Se tomaron fotografías de los ejemplares estudiados, en particular de las estructuras morfológicas que resultan útiles para su identificación y diagnosis. Se incluye una clave para la identificación de hembras. Para la realización de este trabajo se estudiaron 4500 ejemplares procedentes en su mayoría de diferentes regiones de la República Argentina, asimismo se ha estudiado material proveniente de Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay. La mayor parte de los especímenes estudiados fueron obtenidos con trampas Malaise, Moericke y red de arrastre en varias campañas iniciadas y coordinadas por el Dr. Serguei Triapitsyn. Asimismo numerosos ejemplares estudiados han sido recolectados en las provincias de Buenos Aires (Tigre y Bella Vista), Misiones (Loreto) y Neuquén (Pucará), por el entomólogo Dr. Alejandro Ogloblin y depositado en la colección de la División Entomología del Museo de La Plata. Se incluye material obtenido en recolecciones personales durante el período de estudio en distintas localidades de las provincias de Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Corrientes, Entre Ríos y Misiones, asimismo material cedido en préstamo desde diferentes instituciones nacionales y extranjeras. El material obtenido de crías de cicadélidos fue cedido en préstamo por la Dra. Érica Luft Albarracín. Se efectuaron alrededor de 600 preparaciones microscópicas para el estudio de los caracteres y toma de fotografías. Se estudió el material tipo correspondiente a 14 de las 18 especies del género Polynema conocidas para el Neotrópico. Como resultado, se redescriben sobre la base del análisis morfológico, tres especies conocidas con el aporte de nuevos caracteres: P. (Polynema) haitianum, P. (Polynema) phaseoli y P. (Doryclitus) platense. Se describen 19 nuevas especies para la ciencia. Se describen por primera vez los machos de cuatro especies: P. haitianum, P. phaseoli, P. platensis y P. uruguayense. Se efectuaron tres nuevas combinaciones: Polynema albicoxa Ashmead a Acmopolynema albicoxa (Ashmead); Polynema porteri (Brèthes) a Agalmopolynema porteri (Brèthes); Polynema giraulti Perkins a Stephanodes giraulti (Perkins). Se amplía la distribución geográfica de siete de las 15 especies previamente conocidas en la región. Se registran por primera vez hospedadores para dos especies: P. haitianum y P. reticulatum. Se designó Lectotipo de la especie P. (Doriclytus) reticulatum. Se presenta un análisis cladístico cuyo objetivo fue establecer las relaciones entre las especies estudiadas. Para la realización del mismo se construyó una matriz de 33 taxones x 27 caracteres morfológicos, que fue analizada con el programa TNT 1.0 (Goloboff et al. 2003a), utilizando pesos implicados. Como resultado del análisis se obtuvo un árbol de máxima parsimonia (Fit=20.34; CI=0.405; RI=0.560). Como resultado del análisis se obtuvieron tres grupos conformados por los subgéneros preexistentes (P. (Polynema), P. (Doriclytus) y P. (Dorypolynema) lo que justifica la clasificación subgenérica. Asimismo, quedan conformados dentro del subgénero Doriclytus, los grupos de especies pallidiventre y polychrmum definidos por Triapitsyn y Aquino (2008).

Parasitic wasps have a wide range of specific developmental interactions with their hosts due to a close "parasitoid-host" relationship and that allows the study of many ecological and evolutionary questions. In our work, we focused on the parasitoid-host interactions in the parasitic wasp Anaphes flavipes (Förster, 1841) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Because A. flavipes show a high variability of morphology and size, they have been repeatedly described as a new species in the past. Thus, we first redescribed the species and we compared the variability of some morphological structures for wasps from different localities (Paper 1). The high variability of the body size of wasps is reviewed in the second article, where we propose that females of A. flavipes do not decide according to the generally known "trade-off" scheme, if they will have more smaller offspring or fewer bigger offspring. In fact, the number of offspring depends on the body size of the female ("body size-fitness" hypothesis), which determines the variable reproductive strategies of mothers (the number of individuals that are laid into one host by a single female) (Paper 2). The third manuscript deals with the reproductive strategy of gregarious parasitoids. The reproductive strategy does not have to be stable; in the case of A....

No description available.

The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an insect pest in carrot production in Ontario. The aim of this study was to survey the egg parasitoids attacking the carrot weevil in carrot fields in Ontario, and elucidate the seasonal and chemical ecology of these natural enemies. / Field surveys were conducted during three years in commercial carrot fields in the Holland Marsh and district marshes to detect the presence of carrot weevil egg parasitoids, to determine their geographical distribution and to evaluate the effect of insecticides on the rate of emergence and the activity of parasitoid adults. Two egg parasitoids, Anaphes listronoti Huber and A. victus Huber were found. The dominant species Anaphes listronoti is gregarious, was recovered from most of the sampled fields and was distributed in all sampled marshes whereas the solitary parasitoid A. victus was only sporadically found in the Holland Marsh. These Anaphes species occurred in carrot fields from the end of April to the beginning of September and seasonal parasitism averaged 33% in commercial carrot fields and up to 79% in an untreated plot. The insecticides phosmet, diazinon and cypermethrin used in carrot production, did not affect emergence rate of parasitoid adults indicating that immature stages are protected against insecticide penetration in the host egg. However, insecticide applications decreased parasitism rates and suggest a lethal effect on parasitoid adults by direct contact and insecticide residues, although no difference was observed between treatments. / Laboratory studies were performed to determine the existence of a sexual pheromone produced by female A. listronoti using a four-arm olfactometer. An automated system of insect tracking was developed to quantify male behavior in the olfactometer. The response of males to odor emitted by virgin females less than two days of age was measured. Virgin females less than one-day-old released a long-range pheromone from 4 hours until 16 hours after the onset of the photophase. Females of one and two days of age started to emit the sexual pheromone earlier than younger females.

From 1991 to 1994 inclusively, a field and laboratory study was undertaken on egg parasitoids of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) to determine their potential in controlling their host. Five species were found to parasitize Lygus eggs in southwestern Quebec. They were three mymarids: Anaphes iole Girault, Polynema pratensiphagum (Walley), and Erythmelus miridiphagus Dozier (Mymaridae) and two scelionids: Telenomus nysivorus Huggert and Telenomus n.sp. (a new species near strelzovi Vasiliev) (Scelionidae). The maximum levels of field parasitism by these parasitoids were 20, 70, 35, and 70% (for both species of Telenomus), respectively. The field parasitism was determined on Lygus eggs inserted in Contender green beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., Irish cobbler potatoes, Solanum tuberosum L., and alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. P. pratensiphagum and Telenomus were the most abundant parasitoid species recorded. / In 1991 and 1992 the seasonal occurrences of these parasitoids were investigated in three different habitats: mixed weeds, alfalfa, and crown vetch, Coronilla varia L. In both years Telenomus n.sp. was the most numerous parasitoid in all three habitats throughout the season, and had a strong synchrony with L. lineolaris populations. / The laboratory and field monitoring experiments on the overwintering of A. iole, P. pratensiphagum and E. miridiphagus indicated that the presence of an alternative host is essential for the overwintering of these parasitoids. The eggs of the alfalfa plant bug, Adelphocoris lineolatus (Geoze) were the most common overwintering host for all three mymarids and Canada fleabane, Erigeron canadensis L. sustained more Adelphocoris eggs and egg parasitoids than other weed hosts. / In the laboratory the parasitoid survival, mortality, fecundity, and adult longevity were determined for P. pratensiphagum, A. iole and Telenomus n.sp. The females of all three species lived longer than males, but males emerged 24 hours before females, and all are solitary parasitoids. Telenomus n.sp. showed a higher rate of survival (93%) and a higher rate of parasitism (87%) than other species under laboratory conditions. / For rearing L. lineolaris, potato sprouts, S. tuberosum were found to be the medium preferable to potato slices and Patana artificial diets. This medium is worthy of further investigation for use in augmenting the egg parasitoids of L. lineolaris.

No description available.

The carrot weevil, Listronotus oregonensis LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important pest of carrot in northeastern North America. The objective of this study was to determine the host selection stimuli used by two L. oregonensis parasitoids: the adult parasitoid Microctonus hyperodae Loan and the egg parasitoid Anaphes victus Huber. / In the first chapter, the response of M. hyperodae females to various odor components from potential hosts and host plants was tested with a Y-olfactometer. / In the second chapter, the effect of L. oregonensis adult sex, feces and movement on host selection behavior of M. hyperodae females was evaluated by quantifying L. oregonensis adult movement and various M. hyperodae female behaviors in an arena. / In the third chapter, the response of A. victus females to different L. oregonensis related odor components was evaluated using a filter paper of which half was moistened with odor components and the other half with water.

No description available.