Digital averaging and analysis of miniature endplate currents (MEPCs) from mouse diaphragm was used to characterize the normal MEPC and its modification by a variety of drugs. Under normal conditions the decay of MEPCs showed consistent deviations from a simple exponential consisting in a progressive increase of rate constant, followed by a slow tail. Receptor blockade by d-tubocurarine (dTC), a-bungarotoxin, and other agents thought to occupy ACh-binding sites reduced MEPC amplitude, accelerated MEPC decay by about 30% (making it about equal to decay rate of channels opened by exogenous acetylcholine), and eliminated the early deviations from an exponential decay; dTC also abolished the late tail. Examination of the interaction of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) poisoning and receptor blockade on MEPC height and time course indicated that normally most quantal ACh is captured by receptors and, as predicted by theoretical consideration, a rather large degree of receptor blockade is necessary to reduce MEPC height. MEPC tails were exaggerated by AChE poisoning and exogenous ACh or carba-chol. The latter agents reduced MEPC height in a fashion inconsistent with blockade of ACh binding and concurrent modulation of the tail suggested an important role of desensitized receptors in tail generation. A number of other drug actions are also described quantitatively: (a) channel prolongation, typical of alcohols but also found with ketones and some amines; (b) 'channel plugging', typical of local anaesthetics but also found with many other agents, including long chain alcohols, and (c) an action to reduce MEPC size without reducing net response to exogenous agonist typical of volatile anaesthetics, associated with increase rather than decrease of ACh binding to receptor. Criteria for distinguishing different modes of modification of receptor function are discussed. / Medicine, Faculty of / Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of / Graduate

Changes in synaptic strength underlie synaptic plasticity, the cellular substrate for learning and memory. Disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate synaptic strength closely link to many developmental, neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. Release site probability (PAZ) and active zone number (N) are two important presynaptic determinants of synaptic strength; yet, little is known about the processes that establish the balance between N and PAZ at any synapse. Furthermore, it is not known how PAZ and N are rebalanced during synaptic homeostasis to accomplish circuit stability. To address this knowledge gap, we adapted a neurophysiological experimental system consisting of two functionally differentiated glutamatergic motor neurons (MNs) innervating the same target. Average PAZ varied between nerve terminals, motivating us to explore benefits for high and low PAZ, respectively. We speculated that high PAZ confers high-energy efficiency. To test the hypothesis, electrophysiological and ultrastructural measurements were made. The terminal with the highest PAZ released more neurotransmitter but it did so with the least total energetic cost. An analytical model was built to further explore functional and structural aspects in optimizing energy efficiency. The model supported that energy efficiency optimization requires high PAZ. However, terminals with low PAZ were better able to sustain neurotransmitter release. We suggest that tension between energy efficiency and stamina sets PAZ and thus determines synaptic strength. To test the hypothesis that nerve terminals regulate PAZ rather than N to maintain synaptic strength, we induced sustained synaptic homeostasis at the nerve terminals. Ca2+ imaging revealed that terminals of the MN innervating only one muscle fiber utilized greater Ca2+ influx to achieve compensatory neurotransmitter release. In contrast, morphological measurements revealed that terminals of the MN inner vating multiple postsynaptic targets utilized an increase in N to achieve compensatory neurotransmitter release, but this only occurred at the terminal of the affected postsynaptic target. In conclusion, this dissertation provides several novel insights into a prominent question in neuroscience: how is synaptic strength established and maintained. The work indicates that tension exists between energy efficiency and stamina in neurotransmitter release likely influences PAZ. Furthermore, PAZ and N are rebalanced differently between terminals during synaptic homeostasis. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Nous avons généré des souris déficientes pour les gènes codant pour les échangeurs Na/Ca de type I (NCX1) et de type III (NCX3) afin d'étudier, in vivo, le rôle de ces deux protéines.<p>L‘analyse phénotypique des souris adultes totalement déficientes pour le gène Ncx1 (Ncx1-/-) n'a pu être menée étant donné que ces souris décèdent au cours du développement embryonnaire.<p>Les souris déficientes pour le gène Ncx3 (Ncx3-/-) sont viables et fertiles. Nous avons analysé l'effet de l'inactivation du gène Ncx3 dans le muscle squelettique et plus particulièrement au niveau de la jonction neuromusculaire.<p>L'analyse histologique des muscles squelettiques de souris Ncx3-/- a révélé des altérations des fibres musculaires caractérisées par la présence de foyers de fibres nécrotiques et d'infiltrats de cellules mononuclées.<p>L'analyse électromyographique classique a montré un électromyogramme anormal du muscle gastrocnémien de souris Ncx3-/-, révélant une affection neuromusculaire pré- et post-synaptique caractérisée par (i) la petitesse de l'amplitude de la réponse M au repos, (ii) le décrément après stimulation répétitive à basse fréquence, (iii) l'incrément après stimulation répétitive à haute fréquence et (iv) la facilitation post-exercice. L'électromyographie à fibre unique a révélé une MCD élevée et des blocages anormaux de la transmission neuromusculaire, reflétant une atteinte post-synaptique de la jonction neuromusculaire chez les souris Ncx3-/-. L'ensemble de ces anomalies électromyographiques sont les caractéristiques du syndrome myasthénique de Lambert-Eaton.<p>Finalement, pour déterminer les conséquences de l'inactivation du gène Ncx3 sur l'activité physique des souris Ncx3-/-, nous avons réalisé des tests comportementaux sur ces souris. Ces tests ont permis de détecter un épuisement et une faiblesse musculaire accrus à l'effort chez ces souris.<p>En conclusion, nos observations montrent que les souris Ncx3-/- présentent des anomalies électromyographiques similaires à celles du syndrome myasthénique de Lambert-Eaton. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'échangeur NCX3 est peut-être impliqué dans la pathogenèse de certaines formes de cette maladie.<p>Des études supplémentaires afin de confirmer notre hypothèse devront donc être réalisées.<p>/<p>We produced and analyzed mice deficient for Na/Ca exchanger 3 (NCX3), a protein which mediates cellular Ca2+ efflux (forward mode) or Ca2+ influx (reverse mode) and thus controls intracellular Ca2+ concentration. NCX3-deficient mice (Ncx3-/-) present a skeletal muscle fiber necrosis and a defective neuromuscular transmission, reflecting the absence of NCX3 in the sarcolemma of the muscle fibers and at the neuromuscular junction. The defective neuromuscular transmission is characterized by the presence of electromyographic abnormalities including low compound muscle action potential amplitude, a decremental response at low frequency nerve stimulation, an incremental response and a prominent post-exercise facilitation at high frequency nerve stimulation as well as neuromuscular blocks. The analysis of quantal transmitter release in Ncx3-/- neuromuscular junctions revealed an important facilitation superimposed on the depression of synaptic responses and an elevated delayed release during high frequency nerve stimulation. It is suggested that Ca2+ entering nerve terminals is cleared relatively slowly in the absence of NCX3, thereby enhancing residual Ca2+ and evoked and delayed quantal transmitter release during repetitive nerve stimulation. Our findings indicate that NCX3 plays an important role in vivo in the control of Ca2+ concentrations in the skeletal muscle fibers and at the neuromuscular junction.<p> / Doctorat en sciences biomédicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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