På en byggarbetsplats kan man ibland behöva sammansätta två eller flera träkomponenter till en träkomponent med rätt dimension. Det sker oftast genom spikning men det finns också möjlighet att limma ihop träkomponenter ute på en byggarbetsplats. Limning är inte alls lika förekommande på grund av de krav som ställs på limning av bärande konstruktioner och kringliggande miljö varför limning i princip endast sker i fabriksmiljö. I denna studie utförs en jämförelse mellan sammansättning av träreglar till en träpelare med avseende på hållfasthet och ekonomi. Detta jämförs dessutom med att köpa in pelare av trä med rätt dimension. I studien behandlas dessutom möjligheten att limma ute på en byggarbetsplats och hur limningen ska utföras på ett korrekt sätt. Studien har genomförts med hjälp av de standarder som finns för beräkningsregler för dimensionering av bärverk, eurokoder. Kostnadsberäkningar har genomförts för material och utförandearbete med hjälp av marknadspriser för material och enkla beräkningar för utförandearbete. En intervju har genomförts för att besvara möjligheten att limma ute på en byggarbetsplats med lim för bärande konstruktioner. I studien har beräkningar utförts för två samt tre sammansatta träreglar och jämförts med enkla pelare i liknande dimensioner. Spikad pelare har en avsevärt lägre bärförmåga än limmad pelare som är utförd korrekt. Spikad pelare har beräknats med olika avstånd mellan spikar och limmad pelare är beräknad med två olika lim. Kostnaderna för material och utförandearbete är ganska generella men är bara en liten del av de totala kostnaderna. Vart byggarbetsplatsen är placerad, vilka verktyg och material som finns på plats och vilka förutsättningar för att utföra limningen korrekt är faktorer som är avgörande för den totala kostnaden. Ett limförband är känslig och viktigast är att applicera rätt mängd och jämnt utbrett över träytorna. Vad som dessutom ska tas till hänsyn är kringliggande miljö såsom smuts, damm, temperatur och fuktighet. För att uppfylla dessa krav ute på en byggarbetsplats måste en fabriksmiljö skapas i form av väderskydd, tält, arbetsbod eller liknande.

In my thesis I have dealt with a building plan of a winery and a boarding house located in South Moravia. It is a detached house which is embedded in a mildly steep land. The building itself is barrier free. There are two floors and a basement. There is a production of wine in the basement. It is separated into several parts such as a clean preparation room, a storeroom for wine bottles and storeroom for Nitrogen bottles, hall, emploees´area, and export. The basement and the first floor are conected with an elavator. The first floor is supposed to serve the visitors. There is a reception, a large degustation room, bar, kitchen and the sanitary facilities on the first floor. On the second floor there is acommodation for visitors. There are seven rooms adapted for two or three people. The vertical brickwork in the basement is formed by concrete blocks 50 by producer BEST. The above - grade vertical brickwork is made of ceramic blocks POROTHERM PROFI 44. The bulding is insulated with thermal insulation system Baumit open Premier. The horizontal construction is made of ceiling panels SPIROLL. A roofing above the second floor is made of nailed ties. The roof has saddle shape and is double skinned. Total height of building is thirteen metres. In front of the building there is parking lot for twelve cars and one place for disabled.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo a implementação de uma ferramenta numérica que contabiliza as inclusões horizontais e subhorizontais na parcela de solo devidamente discretizada por elementos finitos. Este modelo implementa a análise de esforços axiais e cisalhantes solicitados nas interfaces grampo/nata, nata/solo e no próprio aço (grampo) e, também, esforços fletores de um material “equivalente” formado pela combinação das rigidezes do grampo e da nata. Este objetivo é alcançado através da implementação de mais um “pacote” de subrotinas, denominado grampo, no programa DYNREL, desenvolvido no Departamento de Engenharia Civil da PUC-Rio (Figueiredo, 1991). A formulação proposta para contabilizar o efeito das inclusões considera, além dos deslocamentos nodais horizontal e vertical, a influência das rotações no sistema de forças envolvido. A parcela reativa do grampo é calculada iterativamente em função das variáveis primárias obtidas no programa principal para o meio discretizado sem reforço e, assim, acrescida ao vetor de forças internas contrárias. Logo o novo vetor de forças desbalanceadas do sistema incorpora o efeito das inclusões passivas (grampo). O presente trabalho apresenta detalhes da técnica de estruturas grampeadas, do modelo numérico de análise implementado, de exemplos de validação do comportamento das estruturas grampeadas e de exemplos ilustrativos destas estruturas. / [en] The present research has as its main objective the development of a numerical tool capable of simulating the introduction of long structural inclusions in a soil mass discretized by finite elements. Models of the behaviour of the nail/grout system and its interaction with the soil mass were implemented. These models take into account the normal and shear loads transferred at the nail-grout and grout-soil interfaces besides the axial loads and moments acting in the nail itself. The models are able to consider both elastic and inelastic behaviour both at the interfaces and the nail. The proposed models , consisting on a set of subroutines, were implemented in the program DYNREL, developped at the Civil Engineering Department of PUC Rio (Figueiredo,1991). DYNREL is a finite element program which uses dynamic relaxation as the solution algorithm for the equilibrium equations. In the implementation carried out, it is considered that the soil mass is discretized without taking into account the nail. The reactions of the nails are calculated at each time step from the displacements of the elements intercepted by the nails. These displacements are used in the developped subroutines to generate the force reactions from the nails which in turn are transferred back to the finite element mesh for the following time step calculations. The present work presents detais of the implemented models as well as validation and illustrative examples. Conclusions are drawn relative to the numerical implementation carried out and to the results obtained on the analysis of hypothetical nailed retaining structure. / [es] Esta investigación tiene como objetivo principal, el desarrollo de una herramienta numérica capaz de simular la introducción de refuerzos en una masa de suelo discretizada por elementos finitos. Fueron implementados modelos de comportamiento del sistema clavo/nata y sus interacciones con el suelo. Estos modelos consideran las cargas normales y cisallantes que actúan en las interfaces clavo - nata y nata - suelo debido a la acción de momentos y cargas axiales. Los modelos consideran tanto el comportamiento inelástico como el elástico en las interfaces y los clavos. Los modelos propuestos, que consisten en una serie de subrutinas, fueron implementados en el programa DYNREL, desarrollado en el Departamento de Ingeniería Civil de la PUC-Rio (Figueiredo, 1991). O DYNREL es un programa en elementos finitos que utiliza del Relajamiento Dinámico como algoritmo de solución para las ecuaciones de equilibrio. En la implementación se considera una masa de suelo discretizada sin llevar en cuenta el clavo. Las reacciones de los clavos se calculan en cada instante de tiempo por los desplazamientos de los elementos interceptados por los clavos. Estos desplazamientos se utilizan en las subrutinas desarrolladas para generar las fuerzas de reacción de los clavos, que son transferidos nuevamente para la red de elementos finitos para los cálculos en el instante de tiempo siguiente. Este trabajo presenta detalles de los modelos implementados, así como ejemplos de evaluación y aplicación. Se arriban a conclusiones relativas a la implementación numérica y a los resultados obtenidos del análisis de extructuras de contención clavadas hipotéticas.

In the present thesis, studies on the response of soil nail walls subjected to static and seismic conditions using finite element based numerical simulations and the principle of reliability analysis have been performed. The basic methodology constitutes the study of various aspects of soil nail walls such as analyses of important external, internal and facing failure modes, development of axial forces, and displacement observations by considering various typical and prototype cases. For better understanding and presentation, subject matter of the thesis is organised in the following ten chapters. Chapter 1 of the thesis provides an introduction to the soil nailing technique and highlights some of its applications, advantages, and limitations. Chapter 2 provides a detailed review of existing literature on the soil nailing technique. Chapter 3 provides a detailed overview the various methodologies adopted in the thesis for the analyses and response study of the soil nail walls. Chapter 4 deals with the important aspects related to the plane strain finite element based numerical simulations of soil nail walls. In particular, addresses the implications of the use of advanced soil models and the consideration of bending stiffness of soil nails on the overall response of the soil nail walls. Chapter 5 presents finite element simulations based appraisal of the conventional design methodology of soil nail walls, and studies the response of typical soil nail walls under static and seismic conditions. Chapter 6 presents a reliability based study of the important failure modes of soil nail walls subjected to the variability in in-situ soil parameters, and highlights the importance of reliability analysis in context of soil nail walls. Chapter 7 proposes load and resistance factor design (LRFD) methodology in context of soil nail walls, and highlights the need in advancement of the existing conventional design methodology for soil nail walls. Chapter 8 illustrates the use of factorial design of experiment methodology in developing regression models for stability criteria analysis of soil nail walls. Chapter 9 proposes methods for assessing the adequacy of field pullout tests performed in accordance with the prevalent soil nailing guidelines. Further, a reliability based methodology is proposed for the evaluation and various applications of field pullout tests results have been illustrated. Chapter 10 summarises the various studies reported in the thesis and provides a few important conclusions. It is believed that the various studies reported in the thesis contribute to the enhancement of the existing knowledge on soil nailing technique, advancement in the analysis and design methods, and in general, are useful to the soil nailing practice.

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The theme of my diploma thesis is the design and production of the project documentation of art gallery in Brno in Veveří street. The new building of the cultural center corresponds to the city plan of the the city Brno. The object is composed of three above-ground floors with partial basement. The new building has cafe, great hall, workshop for kids and exhibition area of art gallery. The construction system is combinated, it is formed from ceramic walling and columns. The ceilings are cast-in-place reinforced concrete floors. There is counter roof. Load carrying systém of roof are nailed timber trussgirders . The facade is designed as ventilated. The object is situated in a gently sloping plot.

The subject of this diploma thesis is the elaboration of project documentation for the construction of a new multifunctional building. The building will be located in the city of Brno, in the district of Zábrdovice, in street Vlhká. The building is divided into residential units, offices, a dental office, a café and a technical background. The building is designed as a terrace house in blank space, non-basement and with four above-ground floors. The residential part has 2 flats 3+kk. Part of the residential areas includes storage areas and garage. Non-residential premises include a café with hygienic facilities, administrative part of individual offices, storages and hygienic premises, dental office with waiting room and background for employees and technical facilities – technical room and air-condition machinery. There are 17 parking places, of which 1 for people with limited mobility and 1 for motorbike. The object is based on piles. The peripheral load-bearing structures are walled of sand-lime blocks. The ceiling structure consists of prestressed ceiling panels. The building is sheltered by hipped roof, which is made of gang-nailed-connected timber truss. The stairs are prefabricated. During processing the emphasis was put on the appropriate layout, building-construction and architectural design and safe use of the building. Project documentation is processed in Allplan.

In first part of the thesis are proposed four variants of retaining structures for deep excavation of cut-and-cover tunnel part. It is nailed slope, pile wall, nailed slope in combination with pile wall and soldier pile wall. For those structures is in following part carried out an economic analysis and the most cost effective variant is chosen. Chosen structure is further analyzed in next part. This analysis is carried out with finite element method in software PLAXIS. As a material model is chosen Hardening Soil model and input parameters were determined by empiric formulas from literature. Behavior of neogene clays, in which is the structure designed, is considered as undrained, by type Undrained A. In the last part of the thesis is described technological procedure of construction this retaining structure.

Diploma thesis Veterinary Clinic is compiled in the form of project documentation. The building is situated in the city of Pardubice. The building will be made from POROTHERM blocks with ventilated facade with the mineral heat insulation. The ceilings will be made of reinforced concrete. One part of the building has lean-to roof and second part has flat roof with vegetation on the top of it. The project emphasizes layout, static, fire safety, acoustic, energy savings and user safety solutions. The building has two floors, of which the second one is receding. On the first floor there are two consulting rooms with shared waiting room, operating room, x-ray, laboratory, post-op care and technical background. On the second floor there are facilities for employees, such as dressing room, daytime room, kitchen and office. The thesis includes specializations – Building services - Ventilation and air conditioning and Concrete constructions

The subject of this thesis is the design and static assessment of timber load bearing structure of The Multipurpose buildings in Podlesí u Příbram. The complex is composed of the administrative building and a multipurpose hall and corridor. The administrative building has three floors and it is designed as a wooden frame. The hall is designed as a wooden frame system. Corridor connects the administrative building with a hall and it is 1.3 meters above the ground. Corridor is a wooden structure. Climatic loads are considered for the village Podlesí u Příbram.