The research described in this dissertation mainly covers the development of novel technologies for co-crystallisation along with the discovering of plumbagin co-crystal and thermodynamic interrelationship between the co-crystal polymorphs. Co-crystallisation is a fast growing field in the area of crystal design and has shown potential advantages in the field of pharmaceutical. Currently, many research groups are working on the development of new technologies for the synthesis of pure and stoichiometrically controlled co-crystals. In present study, three novel technologies have been developed for co-crystallisation, which include microwave assisted co-crystallisation, spherical crystallisation and microwave assisted sub-critical water processing. The microwave assisted co-crystallisation is a slurry based technology where, effects of drug solubility and dielectric properties of the solvent were investigated using caffeine / maleic acid as a model co-crystal pair. The mechanism of co-crystallisation under microwave irradiation has been proposed. The co-crystals of plumbagin with improved solubility were obtained with the coformers such as hydroquinone, resorcinol and urea using microwave assisted co-crystallisation technique. The spherical crystallisation technology was developed for co-crystallisation of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair and demonstrated its application for polymorphic control and as a potential technique for the purification of desired crystal form through surface energetic based separation. The thermodynamic interrelationship between Form I and Form II of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal was studied using different thermodynamic tests. The results obtained suggest that the carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal polymorphs are monotropic. Microwave assisted sub-critical water processing has been explored as a green technology for the synthesis of co-crystals. Carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair has been used as a model pair and effects of processing variables on the resulting crystal form and degradation of an API have been studied.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:59:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2601933 bytes, checksum: 9774a77bdb4923c6922bc2f4f25f4a68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Polyamines are aliphatic organic bases belonging to the group of bioactive amines that have important metabolic and physiological functions in animals, plants and microorganisms. Amongst the most important polyamines biologically are spermidine [N-(3-aminopropyl) -1,4-butane diamine or tetramethylene diamine-aminopropyl] (SPD) and spermine [N, N'-bis (3-aminopropyl) -1,4-butane diamine or diaminopropil-tetramethylethylenediamine] (SPM). Polyamines are intimately involved in the growth and replication of many cell types, and it has been demonstrated that they are found in high concentrations in rapid growing cells. It is possible that substances such as naphthoquinones, which can react with polyamines have the ability to block its function by depleting its concentration. The direct detection of polyamines by HPLC with UV detection is hampered because they lack structural groups with high molar absorptivity. Thus, the objective of this study was to develop and validate a chromatographic method using fluorescence detection that could be applied for quantifying the cellular levels of polyamines in cell cultures based on the following parameters: selectivity, linearity, precision and accuracy. The polyamines were derivatized pre-column with dansyl chloride and were detected by fluorescence (ex= 365 nm; em= 510 nm) using a chromatographic method using gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of methanol: water (35-95 v/v), a reversed-phase C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min., in 35 minutes. The chromatographic method was validated according to Resolution 899 recommended by the National Sanitary Agency of Brazil (ANVISA), and was linear in the concentration range used for SPD (0.0097 to 0.97 pmol/mL) and SPM ( 0.074 to 0.74 pmol/mL), precise (≤ 15% for medium and high concentrations, ≤ 20% for the low concentration), exact for SPD (97-118%) and SPM (92-119%), It also showed selectivity (demonstrated by separation of polyamines and proteins present in cell culture medium). The developed method was also applied to the analysis of polyamines incubated with the naphtoquinones (lapachol and β-lapachone). The concentration of these polyamines was depleted when incubated for 17 hours at ambient temperature (decrease of 67% and 50% for SPD and SPM levels respectively when incubated with lapachol and a decrease of 44% and 37,5% for SPD eand SPM when incubated with β-lapachona). These results demonstrate that the developed method is adequate for the analysis of polyamines in cell culture and that a probable mechanism of antitumoral action for the naphtoquinones may involve the formation of adducts with polyamines / Poliaminas são bases orgânicas alifáticas pertencentes às aminas bioativas que desempenham importantes funções metabólicas e fisiológicas em animais, vegetais e microrganismos. As mais importantes biologicamente são a espermidina [N-(3-aminopropil)-1,4-butano diamina ou aminopropil-tetrametilenodiamina] (SPD) e a espermina [N,N -bis(3-aminopropil)-1,4-butano diamina ou diaminopropil-tetrametilenodiamina] (SPM). Estão intimamente envolvidas no crescimento e replicação de diversos tipos de células, e em especial encontra-se em altas concentrações em células exibindo crescimento rápido. É possível que substâncias tais como as naftoquinonas, que possam reagir com as poliaminas, tenham a capacidade de bloquear as suas funções pela depleção de sua concentração. A sua detecção direta é dificultada por não possuírem grupos que apresentam alta absortividade molar. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método cromatográfico, utilizando detecção por fluorescência que possa ser aplicado a quantificação do nível celular de poliaminas em cultura de células tumorais com base nos seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, precisão e exatidão e investigar a formação de adutos com naftoquinonas. Para tanto derivatizou-se as poliaminas fora do sistema cromatográfico (pré-coluna) com cloreto de dansila, formando derivados dansilados que foram detectados por fluorescência (ex= 365 nm; em= 510 nm). A separação se deu por eluição em modo gradiente, utilizando como fase móvel metanol:água (35-95 v/v), uma coluna de fase reversa C-18 (250 x 4,6 mm, 5μm) a um fluxo de 1,0 mL/min, em 35 minutos. O método cromatográfico desenvolvido foi validado segundo o preconizado na Resolução 899 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), e mostrou-se sensível, linear na faixa de concentração utilizada para SPD (97-970 pmol/mL) e para SPM (74-740 pmoL/mL), preciso (≤ 15% para as concentrações média e alta; ≤ 20% para a concentração baixa), exato para SPD (91-112%) e para SPM (92-119%), mostrando-se também seletivo (frente a separação das poliaminas e as proteínas presentes no meio de cultivo celular). O método desenvolvido foi ainda aplicado à análise das poliaminas incubadas com as naftoquinonas (lapachol e β-lapachona), e observou-se que a concentração dessas aminas foi depletada quando incubadas por 17 horas a temperatura ambiente com as naftoquinonas (diminuição de 67% e 50% dos níveis de SPD e SPM respectivamente quando incubadas com o lapachol; e diminuição de 44% e 37,5% de SPD e SPM quando incubadas com β-lapachona). Esses resultados mostram que o método desenvolvido é adequado para análise de poliaminas em cultura de células tumorais e que um provável mecanismo de ação antitumoral das naftoquinonas pode envolver a formação de adutos entre estas e as poliaminas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-11T13:54:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA PSBCF.pdf: 946422 bytes, checksum: 9a7615024f31d940b37aa13463521a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-05 / Introduction: The increase in fungal infections, adverse effects and resistance to antifungal agents currently used, stimulate new studies in search of better antifungal. In this context, the naphthoquinones are widely studied for possessing various biological activities, among them antifungal. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of new naphthoquinones semissintéticas against opportunistic fungi / dermatophytes and to evaluate the interference of a naphthoquinone selected in cell wall formation, membrane ergosterol and cell membrane strain of Candida albicans (ATCC 36232). Methods: The antifungal activity of four new naphthoquinones semi synthetic was evaluated against 89 cultures of microorganisms belonging to the collection of the National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), including opportunistic yeast, agents of dermatophytosis and opportunistic filamentous fungi. The test for determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was performed as described by the CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) documents M27 - A2 and M38-A/CLSI, 2002. The substance showed better activity was assessed as the action in the cell wall (test sorbitol) and interference in the membrane -associated interaction with ergosterol , the osmotic balance ( K + efflux ) and an essay by leakage of substances that absorb at 260 nm. Results: All new naphthoquinones tested exhibited antifungal activity, and the IVS320 (1H - cyclopenta [ b ] naphtho [2,3 - d] furan- 5 , 10 (3Ah , 10BH) - dione) showed the lowest MICs front species tested. The MIC IV320 was particularly low for dermatophytes , with MIC averages ranging from 5-28 mg / mL and against isolates of the genus Cryptococcus spp . Mean MIC ranged from 5.3 mg / mL. So it was subjected to preliminary tests of mechanism of action. In these trials , the IVS320 caused no change in the fungal cell wall , but caused problems in cell membrane permeability ( efflux of K + and leakage of substances that absorb 260nm ) unrelated to the connection with the ergosterol membrane . / Introdução: O aumento das infecções fúngicas, os efeitos adversos e a resistência aos antifúngicos atualmente utilizados, estimulam novos estudos em busca de melhores agentes antifúngicos. Nesse contexto, as naftoquinonas são amplamente estudadas por possuir várias atividades biológicas, dentre elas antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antifúngica de novas naftoquinonas semissintéticas frente a fungos oportunistas/dermatófitos e avaliar a interferência de uma naftoquinona selecionada na formação da parede celular, ergosterol de membrana e membrana celular de cepa de Candida albicans (ATCC 36232). Métodos: A atividade antifúngica de quatro novas naftoquinonas semissintéticas foi avaliada frente a 89 culturas pertencentes a coleção de microrganismos do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa da Amazônia (INPA), incluindo leveduras oportunistas, agentes de dermatofitoses e fungos filamentosos oportunistas. O ensaio de determinação da Concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi realizado como descrito pela CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) nos documentos M27-A2 e M38-A/CLSI,2002. A substância que apresentou melhor atividade foi avaliada quanto à ação na parede celular (ensaio sorbitol) e a interferência na membrana associada à interação com ergosterol, ao equilíbrio osmótico (efluxo de K+) e a um ensaio de extravazamento de substâncias que absorvem a 260 nm. Resultados: Todas as novas naftoquinonas testadas exibiram atividade antifúngica, sendo que a IVS320 (1H-cyclopenta[b]naphtho[2,3-d]furan-5,10(3aH,10bH)-dione) apresentou as menores CIMs frente as espécies testadas. A CIM de IV320 foi particularmente baixas para dermatófitos, com médias de CIM variando de 5-28 μg/mL e frente aos isolados do gênero Cryptococcus spp. médias de CIM variaram de 3-5 μg/mL. Por isso, foi submetida a ensaios preliminares de mecanismo de ação. Nesses ensaios, a IVS320 não causou alteração na parede celular do fungo, mas causou problemas na permeabilidade da membrana celular (efluxo de K+ e extravasamento de substâncias que absorvem a 260nm), não relacionados à ligação com o ergosterol da membrana.

The introductory part of this thesis is focused on the theoretical analysis of solved problems as examining the toxicity of naphthoquinones plumbagine and juglone, especially with regard to their allelopatic action. The next section is focuses on the plant stress, caused by the action of stress factors leading to their death. There is an experimental protocol and the possibilities of determination the effect of naphthoquinones on the plant model. Experimental section discusses changing growth parameters of the plant samples in different concentrations of the naphthoquinone. There is examined cell viability and changes in the synthesis of the secondary metabolites. Data obtained by using spectrophotometric and microscopic analysis are evaluated with STATISTICA software and statistical significance are plotted.

<p>Juglone is a 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ) and the allelochemical responsible for the well-known toxic effects of black walnut (<i>Juglans nigra</i>)<i> </i>and other members of the Juglandaceae. Juglone affects a variety of weed species via a mode of action unlike any commercially available herbicides, and thus has the potential to be used as a new natural product-based herbicide. However, lack of knowledge about its metabolism precludes introducing juglone biosynthesis traits into resistant crops through biotechnology. Herein, we established that juglone is derived from the phylloquinone pathway at the level of the intermediate 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (DHNA). Phylloquinone is a primary 1,4-NQ made by all plants for photosynthetic electron transport. Despite the fundamental importance of phylloquinone, there are still unanswered questions about the subcellular architecture of the phylloquinone pathway. In chapter 3, we show that <i>o</i>-succinylbenzoate CoA-ligase is localized to both chloroplasts and peroxisomes and that its activity is vital in both organelles. The required dual localization of CoA ligase activity is a theme common to other plant pathways with CoA metabolic steps occurring in peroxisomes and thus leads us to propose a revised model of the phylloquinone pathway. Lastly, given the potential of introducing juglone biosynthesis as part of novel weed management strategies, we investigated the circumstances, costs, and benefits of producing allelochemicals in crops using an evolutionary game theory model. Together, this work (i) shows that the phylloquinone pathway provides crops with the biosynthetic framework to produce juglone, (ii) sheds new light on the phylloquinone pathway architecture, and (iii) reveals the circumstances in which producing an allelochemical will be an evolutionarily stable strategy. We envision these results will assist biotechnological efforts to utilize juglone as a novel, natural product-based herbicide.</p>

The research described in this dissertation mainly covers the development of novel technologies for co-crystallisation along with the discovering of plumbagin co-crystal and thermodynamic interrelationship between the co-crystal polymorphs. Co-crystallisation is a fast growing field in the area of crystal design and has shown potential advantages in the field of pharmaceutical. Currently, many research groups are working on the development of new technologies for the synthesis of pure and stoichiometrically controlled co-crystals. In present study, three novel technologies have been developed for co-crystallisation, which include microwave assisted co-crystallisation, spherical crystallisation and microwave assisted sub-critical water processing. The microwave assisted co-crystallisation is a slurry based technology where, effects of drug solubility and dielectric properties of the solvent were investigated using caffeine / maleic acid as a model co-crystal pair. The mechanism of co-crystallisation under microwave irradiation has been proposed. The co-crystals of plumbagin with improved solubility were obtained with the coformers such as hydroquinone, resorcinol and urea using microwave assisted co-crystallisation technique. The spherical crystallisation technology was developed for co-crystallisation of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair and demonstrated its application for polymorphic control and as a potential technique for the purification of desired crystal form through surface energetic based separation. The thermodynamic interrelationship between Form I and Form II of carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal was studied using different thermodynamic tests. The results obtained suggest that the carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal polymorphs are monotropic. Microwave assisted sub-critical water processing has been explored as a green technology for the synthesis of co-crystals. Carbamazepine / saccharin co-crystal pair has been used as a model pair and effects of processing variables on the resulting crystal form and degradation of an API have been studied.

Este estudo avaliou in situ a ação do gel contendo euclea natalensis na redução da erosão associada ou não abrasão em esmalte e dentina humanos. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases cruzadas de cinco dias cada (SG - sem gel e CG - com gel) nas quais 10 voluntários utilizaram placas palatinas com 4 blocos de esmalte e 4 blocos de dentina, distribuídos em duas fileiras horizontais contendo 4 blocos, correspondendo aos subgrupos: erosão (Eros); erosão + abrasão (30min) (Eros + Abras). Em fases alternadas metade dos voluntários teve a aplicação do gel em todos espécimes do aparelho e na outra metade os espécimes não sofreram tratamento nenhum. O gel foi aplicado durante 5 minutos, sendo o mesmo removido após este tempo. Na etapa experimental os aparelhos foram imersos em refrigerante 4x ao dia, por 5 minutos. A seguir o aparelho foi colocado na boca por 30 minutos. Após este período os voluntários escovaram 4 espécimes da fileira Eros + Abras e recolocaram o aparelho. A outra fileira (Eros) não foi escovada. A análise da perda de estrutura dentária foi realizada por meio de teste de perfilometria e microdureza. Foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) a 2 critérios (presença ou ausência da aplicação do gel) de acordo com cada substrato e o teste TUCKEY (p<0,05). Não houve associação entre perda de dureza e condições ou grupos testados (p>0,05). O desgaste dentário médio nos blocos de esmalte para o grupo CG foi de 12,86µm eros e 12,13µm eros+abras e para os blocos de dentina foi de 5,95µm eros e 6,16µm eros+abras. A média de desgaste dentário para o grupo SG, em blocos de esmalte foi de 14,08µm eros e 16,29µm eros+abras e, nos blocos de dentina foi de 13,64µm eros e 12,63µm eros+abras. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que o gel contendo euclea natalensis é capaz de reduzir o desgaste associado ou não a abrasão, independente do tipo de substrato, esmalte ou dentina. / This study investigated the action of in situ gel containing euclea natalensis on reducing erosion associated or not with abrasion in the human enamel and dentin. The study was performed into two phases crossed in five days each (WOG-without gel and WG- with gel) in which ten volunteers used acrylic palatal appliances with four blocks of enamel and four dentin, distributed in two horizontal rows containing four blocks, corresponding to the subgroups: erosion (Eros); erosion + abrasion (30min) (Eros + Abras). In alternating phases half the volunteers had the applying the gel at all specimens. And the other half of the volunteers have not suffered any treatment. The gel was applied during 5 minutes, being removed after this time. In stage experimental, the blocks were subjected to erosion by immersion of the appliances into soft drink for five minutes, 4 times a day. The appliance was then replaced into the mouth for 30 minutes. After this period the volunteers brushed row (eros+abrasion) and replaced into the mouth. The row (eros) was not brushed. The analysis of the dental structure were determined using profilometry and microhardness tests. ANOVA by two criteria (presence or absence of application of gel) in agreement with each the substrate and Tukey test were applied (p <0.05). Microhardness and conditions or groups tested were not found association (p> 0.05). The mean wear in enamel blocks was 12.86µm eros and 12.13µm eros + abras in the WG group and in dentin blocks was 5.95 µm eros and 6.16µm eros+ abras. The mean wear in enamel blocks was 14.08µm eros and 16.29µm eros+abras for the WOG group and in dentin blocks was 13.64µm eros and 12.63µm eros + abras. There was significant difference between groups (p <0.05). It concluded that the gel containing Euclea Natalensis can reduce erosion with or without abrasion, independently of the substrate type, enamel or dentin.

This study aimed to perform the collection of the intensities of diffracted X-ray beam, solving the crystal structures, refine the collected data to compare the molecular structures obtained, the proposals submitted by the group of the Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais (NPPN) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) and to characterize the crystal packing identifying possible interactions of hydrogen. In Chapter I, has an introduction to organic compounds as potential pharmaceutical and distribution of Chagas disease in the world and in Brazil, highlighting data from the State of Alagoas. In Chapter II presents a theoretical foundation of X-rays as well as the concept of crystal, followed by Chapter III, using materials and methods and in Chapter IV, are the results and discussions. The compounds studied in this work were 4,5-dihydro-6 ,6-dimethyl-6H-2-(3'-methylphenyl)-furan [B-4,3] naphtha [1,2-D] Imidazole (NPPN3171) and 4,5-dihydro-6 ,6-dimethyl-6H-2 (phenyl)-piran [B-4, 3]-naphtha [1,2-D]-imidazole (NPPN3037). The single crystal samples were courtesy of NPPN/ UFRJ, in the person of Professor Antonio Ventura Pinto. The crystals were selected, glued on glass fibers and set the goniometric head. Data were collected using an automatic diffractometer Kappa CCD. The structures were solved using the software package contained in the WinGX v1.70.01. The compound NPPN3171crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system, space group P21/c with the following parameters a = 9.2587(2)Å, b = 9.8049(4)Å, c = 19.3851 (7) Å; &#946; = 101.365 (2) and Z = 4 molecules /cell. Were collected 3506 unique reflections with use of automatic KappaCCD diffractometer using the K&#945; radiation of molybdenum (&#61548; = 0.71073 Å) monochromatized by a graphite crystal.&#61472; Were considered 2382 observed reflections giving a final discrepancy index (Robs) of 0.0555. In the crystal packing observed the presence of classical intermolecular hydrogen bonds. To compound NPP3073 the linear parameters were obtained: a = 9.0547(2)Å, b = 10.5956(5)Å, c = 18.7071(10) Å; &#946; = 102.467º (3); crystal system monoclinic space group P21/c and Z = 4 molecules/unit cell. The 2381 observed reflections gave a Robs = 0.1502 reflecting the low quality of data as seen in Rint = 0.1179. Analyzing the molecular structure is observed the presence of a secondary intramolecular interaction (C - H... O) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar a coleta das intensidades dos feixes de raios X difratados, resolver as estruturas cristalinas, refinar os dados coletados, comparar as estruturas moleculares obtidas, com as propostas fornecidas pelo grupo do Núcleo de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais (NPPN), da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) e caracterizar o empacotamento cristalino identificando as possíveis interações de hidrogênio. No capítulo I, tem-se uma introdução sobre os compostos orgânicos como candidatos á fármacos e a distribuição da doença de Chagas no mundo e no Brasil, destacando dados do Estado de Alagoas. No capítulo II, apresenta-se uma fundamentação teórica sobre raios X bem como o conceito de cristal, seguido do capítulo III, com materiais e métodos e no capítulo IV, têm-se os resultados e as discussões dos mesmos. Os compostos estudados neste trabalho foram: 4,5-diidro-6,6-dimetil-6H-2-(3 -metilfenil)-furan[B-4,3] nafto[1,2-D] imidazol (NPPN3171) e 4,5-diidro-6,6-dimetil-6H-2 (fenil)-piran [B-4,3]-nafto[1,2-D]-imidazol (NPPN3037). As amostras monocristalinas foram gentilmente cedidas pelo NPPN da UFRJ, na pessoa do professor Antonio Ventura Pinto. Os cristais foram selecionados, colados em fibra de vidro e fixados na cabeça goniométrica. Os dados foram coletados usando-se um difratômetro automático Kappa CCD. As estruturas foram resolvidas utilizando-se o pacote de programas contido no WinGX v1.70.01. O composto NPPN3171 cristaliza no sistema cristalino monoclínico, grupo espacial P21/c com os seguintes parâmetros a = 9,2587(2)Å, b = 9,8049(4)Å, c = 19,3851(7)Å; &#946; = 101,365o(2) e Z = 4 moléculas/cela. Foram coletadas 3506 reflexões únicas com uso do Difratômetro automático KappaCCD e utilizando a radiação K&#945; do molibidênio (&#61548;&#61472;&#61501;&#61472;0,71073Å) monocromatizada por um cristal de grafite. Foram consideradas 2382 reflexões observadas fornecendo um índice de discordância final, (Robs) de 0,0555. No empacotamento cristalino verificou-se a presença de ligações de hidrogênio intermoleculares clássicas. Para o composto NPP3073 os parâmetros lineares obtidos foram: a = 9,0547(2)Å, b = 10,5956(5)Å, c = 18,7071(10)Å; &#946; = 102,467o(3); sistema cristalino monoclínico com grupo espacial P21/c e Z = 4 moléculas/cela unitária. As 2381 reflexões observadas forneceram um Robs = 0,1502 refletindo a baixa qualidade dos dados como verificado no Rint = 0,1179. Analisando a estrutura molecular observa-se a presença de uma interação intramolecular secundária (C H...O)

Este estudo avaliou in situ a ação do gel contendo euclea natalensis na redução da erosão associada ou não abrasão em esmalte e dentina humanos. O estudo foi realizado em duas fases cruzadas de cinco dias cada (SG - sem gel e CG - com gel) nas quais 10 voluntários utilizaram placas palatinas com 4 blocos de esmalte e 4 blocos de dentina, distribuídos em duas fileiras horizontais contendo 4 blocos, correspondendo aos subgrupos: erosão (Eros); erosão + abrasão (30min) (Eros + Abras). Em fases alternadas metade dos voluntários teve a aplicação do gel em todos espécimes do aparelho e na outra metade os espécimes não sofreram tratamento nenhum. O gel foi aplicado durante 5 minutos, sendo o mesmo removido após este tempo. Na etapa experimental os aparelhos foram imersos em refrigerante 4x ao dia, por 5 minutos. A seguir o aparelho foi colocado na boca por 30 minutos. Após este período os voluntários escovaram 4 espécimes da fileira Eros + Abras e recolocaram o aparelho. A outra fileira (Eros) não foi escovada. A análise da perda de estrutura dentária foi realizada por meio de teste de perfilometria e microdureza. Foi utilizada a análise de variância (ANOVA) a 2 critérios (presença ou ausência da aplicação do gel) de acordo com cada substrato e o teste TUCKEY (p<0,05). Não houve associação entre perda de dureza e condições ou grupos testados (p>0,05). O desgaste dentário médio nos blocos de esmalte para o grupo CG foi de 12,86µm eros e 12,13µm eros+abras e para os blocos de dentina foi de 5,95µm eros e 6,16µm eros+abras. A média de desgaste dentário para o grupo SG, em blocos de esmalte foi de 14,08µm eros e 16,29µm eros+abras e, nos blocos de dentina foi de 13,64µm eros e 12,63µm eros+abras. Houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que o gel contendo euclea natalensis é capaz de reduzir o desgaste associado ou não a abrasão, independente do tipo de substrato, esmalte ou dentina. / This study investigated the action of in situ gel containing euclea natalensis on reducing erosion associated or not with abrasion in the human enamel and dentin. The study was performed into two phases crossed in five days each (WOG-without gel and WG- with gel) in which ten volunteers used acrylic palatal appliances with four blocks of enamel and four dentin, distributed in two horizontal rows containing four blocks, corresponding to the subgroups: erosion (Eros); erosion + abrasion (30min) (Eros + Abras). In alternating phases half the volunteers had the applying the gel at all specimens. And the other half of the volunteers have not suffered any treatment. The gel was applied during 5 minutes, being removed after this time. In stage experimental, the blocks were subjected to erosion by immersion of the appliances into soft drink for five minutes, 4 times a day. The appliance was then replaced into the mouth for 30 minutes. After this period the volunteers brushed row (eros+abrasion) and replaced into the mouth. The row (eros) was not brushed. The analysis of the dental structure were determined using profilometry and microhardness tests. ANOVA by two criteria (presence or absence of application of gel) in agreement with each the substrate and Tukey test were applied (p <0.05). Microhardness and conditions or groups tested were not found association (p> 0.05). The mean wear in enamel blocks was 12.86µm eros and 12.13µm eros + abras in the WG group and in dentin blocks was 5.95 µm eros and 6.16µm eros+ abras. The mean wear in enamel blocks was 14.08µm eros and 16.29µm eros+abras for the WOG group and in dentin blocks was 13.64µm eros and 12.63µm eros + abras. There was significant difference between groups (p <0.05). It concluded that the gel containing Euclea Natalensis can reduce erosion with or without abrasion, independently of the substrate type, enamel or dentin.

Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurden die Herstellung sowie Reaktionen von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden erforscht. Dabei kamen die dargestellten Dihydroperoxide sowohl als Sauerstofftransferreagenz, insbesondere zur enantioselektiven Epoxidation, als auch als Baustein zur Synthese von 1,2,4,5-Tetroxanen zum Einsatz. Es wurde eine in unserem Arbeitskreis gefundene Methode zur Darstellung gem - Dihydroperoxide zunächst hinsichtlich der Reaktionsbedingungen optimiert, um dann eine Vielzahl an Dihydroperoxiden vornehmlich mit dieser Methode zu synthetisieren. Insbesondere gelang es hier erstmals, primäre Dihydroperoxide aus aliphatischen Aldehyden darzustellen. Desweiteren wurde erstmals eine größere Anzahl an enantiomerenreinen DHPs dargestellt. Weitere DHPs konnten durch Ozonolyse von olefinischen Terpenen mit etherischer Wasserstoffperoxidlösung dargestellt werden. Die enantiomerenreinen DHPs wurden verwendet, um enantioselektiv sowohl 2-substituierte Naphthochinone wie auch Allylalkohole, insbesondere tertiäre Allylalkohole, zu epoxidieren. Die Epoxide der letzteren sind nach der normalerweise verwendeten Methode nach Sharpless nicht zugänglich. Außerdem konnten durch Sulfidoxidation Sulfoxide enantiomerenangereichert dargestellt werden. Dies stellt die erste Nutzung von geminalen Dihydroperoxiden zur enantioselektiven Sauerstoffübertragung dar. Die primären aliphatischen gem-DHPs wurden desweiteren zur Darstellung bisher unbekannter 1,2,4,5-Tetroxane genutzt. Insbesondere wurde gefunden, daß durch Kondensation mit Orthoestern verläßlich alkoxysubstituierte Tetroxane erzeugt werden können. Diese wurden in der Literatur bisher nur an sehr wenigen Beispielen beschrieben. / In the course of this dissertation thesis the preparation and reactions of geminal dihydroperoxides were researched. The hereby synthesized dihydroperoxides were used as an oxygen transfer reagent, especially for enantioselective epoxidation, as well as a building block for the synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. A method for synthesis of gem-dihydroperoxides that was found in our workgroup was first optimized concerning reaction conditions, and later utilized to synthesize a large number of dihydroperoxides. It was notably possible to synthesize primary DHPs from aliphatic aldehydes for the first time. Also for the first time, a large number of enantiomerically pure gem-DHP was prepared by this method. Additional enantiomerically pure DHPs were made by ozonolysis of olefinic terpenes using ethereal hydrogen peroxide solution. The enenantiomerically pure DHPs were utilized to both epoxidize 2-substituted naphthoquinones as well as allylic alcohols, especially tertiary allylic alcohols. The latter kind does not react via the normally used Sharpless epoxidation. Additionally, enantioenriched sulfoxides could be prepared from sulfides. This is the first time that geminal dihydroperoxides were used for enantioselective oxygen transfer. Primary aliphatic DHPs were further utilized to prepare previously unknown 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. Notably it was found that condensation with orthoesters reliably yielded alkoxy-substiuted tetroxanes. These were only described in a very few cases in literature before.