Esta tese consiste em uma tradução anotada do romance O Guia (1958), de R. K. Narayan. A tese apresenta uma discussão crítica de aspectos práticos e suposições teóricas subjacentes ao processo de tradução. Nas últimas décadas, a área de estudos da tradução expandiu-se e apropriou-se de vários significados, e atualmente vai muito além da dimensão textual. O conceito de tradução hoje engloba não só aspectos linguísticos como também questões culturais e históricas. As notas, portanto, dividem-se em duas categorias distintas: a) notas em português sobre expressões e palavras culturalmente específicas, que tem por objetivo fazer uma ponte entre barreiras culturais em relação ao leitor brasileiro, suplementando o texto traduzido; e b) notas sobre o processo de tradução como tal, discutidas em relação ao processo de análise e tomada de decisões do tradutor. Obras traduzidas desempenham um papel fundamental na propagação de tendências literárias no mundo todo, como demonstra o recente influxo de obras dos chamados escritores da diáspora a partir de regiões antigamente sob domínio colonial europeu. R. K. Narayan foi o primeiro escritor de língua inglesa profissional bem sucedido na Índia moderna, e abriu caminho para a literatura Indiana de língua inglesa contemporânea. O objetivo da tese se desdobra em dois eixos. Em um nível pragmático, o propósito principal é oferecer uma tradução informativa de O Guia para o meio acadêmico brasileiro. As notas explicam as escolhas feitas pelo tradutor e esclarecem as diversas questões culturais envolvidas na tradução. Em um nível analítico, o objetivo é pesquisar a dinâmica do processo tradutório, bem como os elementos que interagem nas tomadas de decisão e subsequente re-estruturação do texto na língua de chegada. bloco tem dois capítulos: A Cena Literária, um estudo introdutório sobre a vida do autor e contexto de sua obra, e A Cena nos Estudos de Tradução, que aborda alguns pressupostos teóricos, privilegiando a tradução orientada para o texto de partida. O segundo bloco, O Processo, apresenta a análise da tradução e o conjunto de estratégias empregadas. Este bloco tem dois capítulos: Notas sobre Aspectos Culturais, que traz a análise dos dois tipos de notas e Notas sobre o Processo de Tradução, o qual se compõe das seguintes seções: O Nivel Textual apresenta uma leitura crítica do romance, com ênfase na análise literária do processo de tradução, e também discute a presença da ironia e o papel do narrador. As seções O Nivel Sintático e O Nível Lexical complementam a discussão. O resultado final da pesquisa, a tradução anotada para fins acadêmicos, compõe o terceiro bloco. A tese é uma contribuição aos estudos de tradução no meio acadêmico brasileiro. / This dissertation consists of an informative annotated translation of R. K. Narayan’s novel The Guide (1958). The dissertation provides a critical discussion of practical aspects and underlying theoretical assumptions to the translating process. The field of translation studies has in the last decades taken on many meanings and now encompasses realms beyond the textual dimension. Translation today is as much about the translation of cultural and historical contexts and concepts as it is about language itself. The notes therefore fall into two distinct categories: a) notes in Portuguese about culturally specific phrases and words, which aim at bridging cross cultural barriers to the Brazilian reader and supplement the text translated; b) notes about the translation process itself discussed in the light of the process of analysis and decision making. Translations have played a critical role in spurring literary trends all over the world, as the recent influx of the so called "diaspora writers" from European colonial backgrounds attest. R. K. Narayan was modern India's first successful professional writer in English and cleared the path for contemporary Indian fiction in English. The objective of the dissertation is twofold. On a pragmatic level, the main objective is to provide the Brazilian academy with an informative translation of The Guide. The annotations are used to explain the choices made by the translator, and to clarify the manifold cultural issues involved in the translation. On an analytical level, the objective is to research the dynamics of the translation process, observing the nature of the elements that interact in the moment of the translator's decision and in the subsequent restructuring of the translated text. The dissertation is divided into three major blocks, The Premises, the Process and the Product. The first block contains two chapters: The Literary Scene, an introductory study of Narayan’s life and context of writing and The Translation Studies Scene, which deals with selected theoretical points and states the preference for a source text oriented approach. The second block, The Process, is the analysis of the translation of the novel itself and the set of strategies employed. This block has two chapters: Notes on Cultural Aspects presents an analysis of the two kinds of notes and Notes on the Translation Process, which is divided into the following sections. The Textual Level presents a close reading of the novel, points out to the importance of the literary analysis to the translation process, as well as discusses instances of irony and the role of the narrator. The sections Syntactic Level and Lexical Level complement the discussion. The final result of the work, the annotated translation itself, which is intended for academic research purposes only, is presented in the third block. The dissertation aims at contributing to the ongoing Brazilian studies of translation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 2006. / Title from title page screen, viewed on May 3, 2007. Dissertation Committee: Charles Harris (chair), Ronald Strickland, Wail Hassan. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 325-346) and abstract. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.A.)--Acadia University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-111). Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

This thesis concentrates on literature during India's battle for independence from the British Empire. These publications look at the outcomes of Europe's intent to colonize and its impact on the marginalized, colonial subjects down to the personal level. Delving into the tragic reality of colonialism and investigating its impact as portrayed in the novels selected, this thesis argues that the selected texts operate as resistance literature subverting the colonial discourse in retrieving South Asian culture and history. This project explores specific forms of resistance within the tropes of memory, history, and gender to pose a larger question of decolonial futures in the postcolonial aftermath. The explorations of Ahmed Ali's Twilight in Delhi, Rabindranath Tagore's The Home and the World, and R.K. Narayan's Waiting for the Mahatma all represent multiple ways of studying the independence movement in their resistance frame. Analyzing these works through a postcolonial perspective unveils underrepresented voices and the intricacies of the Independence landscape. Ahmed Ali incorporates nostalgia as an argument for abolition and articulates Muslim identity in India's rapidly transforming environment. Tagore writes from his real experiences, recounting the confusion and disarray that plagued the Independence movement as disputes erupted on how to fight for India's sovereignty. R.K. Narayan embraces the ‘Quit India' protest and Gandhi's pacifist ideals while worrying about the future after the Mahatma's death. These writers decolonize readers' minds, and campaign for India's independence against the Empire Such literature gives the colonized a voice as they actively resist the British colonization in every aspect of existence.

Anti-corruption movements play a vital role in democratic development. From the American Gilded Age to global demonstrations in the wake of the 2008 financial crisis, these movements seek to combat malfeasance in government and improve accountability. While this collective action remains a constant, how government elites perceive and respond to such agitation, varies. My dissertation tackles this puzzle head-on: Why do some democratic governments respond more tolerantly than others to anti-corruption movements? To answer this research question, I examine variation across time in two cases within the world’s largest democracy: India. I compare the Congress Party government's suppressive response to the Jayaprakash Narayan movement in 1975, and the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance government’s tolerant response to the India Against Corruption movement in 2012. For developing democracies such as India, comparativist scholarship gives primacy to external, material interests – such as votes and rents – as proximately shaping government behavior. Although these logics explain elite decision-making around elections and the predictability of pork barrel politics, they fall short in explaining government conduct during credibility crises, such as when facing nationwide anti-corruption movements. In such instances of high political uncertainty, I argue, it is the absence or presence of an ideological checks and balance mechanism among decision-making elites in government that shapes suppression or tolerance respectively. This mechanism is produced from the interaction between structure (multi-party coalition) and agency (divergent cognitive frames in positions of authority). In this dissertation, elites analyze the anti-corruption movement and form policy prescriptions based on their frames around social and economic development as well as their concepts of the nation. My research consists of over 110 individual interviews with state elites, including the Prime Minister, cabinet ministers, party leaders, and senior bureaucrats among other officials for the contemporary case; and a broad compilation of private letters, diplomatic cables and reports, and speeches collected from three national archives for the historical study. To my knowledge this is the first data-driven study of Indian politics that precisely demonstrates how ideology acts as a constraint on government behavior in a credibility crisis. On a broader level, my findings contribute to the recently renewed debate in political science as to why democracies sometimes behave illiberally.

I investigate the spoken dialogue of four Indian novels in English: Mulk Raj Anand's Untouchable (1935), Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan (1956), Rasipuram Krishnaswami Narayan's The World of Nagaraj (1990), and Rohinton Mistry's Family Matters (2002). Roger Fowler has said that literature, as a form of discourse, articulates ideology; it is through linguistic criticism (combination of literary criticism and linguistic analyses) that the ideologies in a literary text are uncovered. Shobhana Chelliah in her study of Indian novels in English concludes that the authors use Indian English (IndE) as a device to characterize buffoons and villains. Drawing upon Fowler's and Chelliah's framework, my investigation employs linguistic criticism of the four novels to expose the ideologies reflected in the use of fictionalized English in the Indian context. A quantitative inquiry based on thirty-five IndE features reveals that the authors appropriate these features, either to a greater or lesser degree, to almost all their characters, suggesting that IndE functions as the mainstream variety in these novels and creating an illusion that the authors are merely representing the characters' unique Indian worldviews. But within this dialect range, the appropriation of higher percentages of IndE features to specific characters or groups of characters reveal the authors' manipulation of IndE as a counter-realist and ideological device to portray deviant and defective characters. This subordinating of IndE as a substandard variety of English functions as the dominant ideology in my investigation of the four novels. Nevertheless, I also uncover the appropriation of a higher percentage of IndE features to foreground the masculinity of specific characters and to heighten the quintessentially traditional values of the older Brahmin generation, which justifies a contesting ideology about IndE that elevates it as the prestigious variety, not an aberration. Using an approach which combines literary criticism with linguistic analysis, I map and recommend a multidisciplinary methodology, which allows for a reevaluation of fictionalized IndE speech that goes beyond impressionistic analyses.