Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1956.

Thesis--University of Turku, Finland, 2001. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis--University of Turku, Finland, 2001. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

The inferior turbinates are important anatomical nasal structures that provide warmth, humidification, and filtration of the inspired air to provide optimal conditioning for lung function. Besides these well-established basic functions, the turbinates are also important in immune function as the interface between the airway and the environment. Proper functioning of the inferior turbinates relies on an intact autonomic system, which maintains homeostasis within the nasal cavity. The autonomic nervous system innervates the submucosal glands and the vasculature within the inferior turbinate, resulting in control of major turbinate functions: nasal secretions, nasal patency, and amount of warmth and humidification provided. This thesis will summarize the normal and abnormal autonomic processes that contribute to the inferior turbinate as an autonomic organ.

Introduction. The adverse health effects of cigarette smoking are well established, including the direct effects of nicotine on human endothelial cells and fibroblasts. However, the direct effects of nicotine in the nasal cavity remain uninvestigated. The study aim was to ascertain the direct effect of chemical components in cigarette smoke on the microbial flora or microbiota of the nasal cavity. Methods. We enrolled 40 participants from the Benson Idahosa University’s Health clinics to conduct this study. Information on demographic characteristics including age, sex, and smoking duration was obtained at baseline. We collected nasal swabs of 20 smokers and 20 non-smokers. The wool content of the swap stick was immediately stored in mac Cathy bottles containing 9 ml of normal saline and transported to the laboratory in less than 45 minutes after collection for microbiological analysis under aseptic condition. The enumeration of the microorganisms was carried out using the streak and pours plate method on Nutrient agar, Blood agar, Chocolate agar, Mac coney agar and Potato Dextrose agar (PDA). A two-sample t-test was used to determine differences in enumeration of microorganisms and isolates between smokers and non-smokers. Results. Total bacterial counts for the smokers ranged from 177 - 307 x 102 cfu/ml and 223 - 551 x 102 cfu/ml for non-smokers with (p = 0.046 Nutrient agar, and p = 0.011 PDA). The bacteria isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Proteus vulgaris and Streptococcus pneumonia, and the fungi isolates were identified as Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Tricoderma viridae, respectively. The mean of nutrient agar in smokers is significantly lower (12.10) than that in nonsmokers (19.35), and the mean of PDA in smokers is significantly higher in smokers (5.75) than in nonsmokers (2.35). Higher percentages of gram-negative rods including Klebsiella pneumoniae (20%), Escherichia coli (20%) and Proteus vulgaris (20%) were identified in the smokers, which is in contrast to higher percentage of gram-positive cocci including Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia identified in non-smokers. The most commonly isolated fungus in smokers was Aspergillus niger (45%) and nonsmokers was Rhizopus stolonifer (60%). Conclusions. Study findings demonstrated increased bacterial count and isolates in nasal cavity of smokers than non-smokers. Future studies should be warranted to understand the mechanistic role of nicotine in influencing microbiota of the nasal cavity.

This study developed an informative model of a nasal cavity of a Neanderthal and Anatomically Modern Human (AMH) hybrid based on the morphological measurements and nonmetric features of nonhuman primate hybrids. This study examined morphometric measurements and nonmetric traits of the interior nasal cavity of two species of baboons (olive and yellow) and their first generation hybrids to determine how hybridization affects the internal anatomy of the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity was chosen because the nasal cavities of Neanderthals and AMH are recognized as uniquely different in size and shape. This study found that functionally different regions within the baboon nasal cavity are altered in size and shape in response to hybridization. Changes in size and shape due to hybridization occurred in three regions, at the rhinion, choana, and mid-nasopharynx. In regions of more complex physiological function, the mid-bony cavity and the posterior nasopharynx, no size or shape response was observed, except a wider lateral recess. Males and females responded differently to hybridization; males showed heterosis and females showed heterosis in most areas, though dysgenesis in the inferior meatus. The opposing male and female trends may contribute to the greater sexual dimorphism observed in hybrids compared to parental taxa. This study found that frequencies of nonmetric traits in the baboon hybrid nasal cavity were no different from frequencies in parental taxa, nor were regional frequency differences observed because anterior and posterior nonmetric traits occurred at the same frequency. However, males expressed a significantly higher frequency of nonmetric traits than females. Assuming Neanderthal and AMH hybrid nasal cavities follow the trends observed in the baboon hybrid model, the Neanderthal and AMH hybrid nasal cavity would have a different shape and larger size at the rhinion, choana, and mid-nasopharynx, while the mid-bony cavity and posterior nasopharynx remained unchanged compared to parental taxa. However, because Neanderthals and AMH have been diverged for a longer time period, the traits of the nasal cavity may be very different in parental taxa due to adaptations to local conditions, which may result in hybrids with traits from one parent or the other. Further, an analysis of different hybridization scenarios between Neanderthals and AMH, based on observed hybridization in baboons and paleoanthropological evidence, suggests rapid gene swamping of the Neanderthal population by AMH during hybridization, as other authors have also concluded.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1957.

Purpose: Cancers of the sinonasal tract are rare, comprise a diverse group of histologies and are known for their poor prognostic outcomes. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the 2- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates in patients treated with radical and palliative intent for sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). Methods: A retrospective review of medical records of all patients presenting to Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital between January 2003 and December 2013 was carried out. All patients with histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the maxillary sinus and nasoethmoidal complex who underwent treatment at Groote Schuur Hospital and/or iThemba LABS (Laboratory for Accelerator Based Sciences) were included. Fifty-five patients with cancers of the sinonasal tract were identified from the electronic patient system; 23 were excluded either because of different histologies, lack of histology or having initiated treatment outside of Groote Schuur Hospital. The medical records of 32 patients were utilised for final analysis. 2- and 5-year OS was calculated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: The majority (75%) of patients had an ECOG performance status of 1 with facial asymmetry secondary to tumour mass or swelling being the most common presenting symptom (present in 68,75% of cases). 62,50% of cases originated within the maxillary antrum and 56,25% of cases were classified as keratinizing SCC. Twenty-six (81,25%) patients presented with stage IV disease; nodal disease was seen in 13 (40,63%) patients and distant metastasis in 4 (12,50%) patients. Most patients underwent palliative intent treatment with only 11 (34,38%) having radical treatment. The cumulative 2- and 5-year OS from the date of treatment initiation was 26% and 19% respectively. Median OS for the entire cohort was 7,7 months and was statistically significant between intent groups at 5,19 months (95% CI:3.43– 6.95) for palliative compared to 35,45 months (95% CI: 0.00–138.52) for radical patients (c2 = 7.80, p = 0.005). Conclusion: Despite a decline in incidence of disease over the last 30 years and the improved diagnostic and therapeutic modalities available today, the prognosis and survival outcomes for SNSCC remains poor.

Climate has a selective influence on nasal cavity morphology. Due to the constraints of cranial integration, naturally selected changes in one structure necessitate changes in others in order to maintain structural and functional cohesion. The relationships between climate and skull/nasal cavity morphology have been explored, but the integrative role of nasal variability within the skull as a whole has not. This thesis presents two hypotheses: 1) patterns of craniofacial integration observed in 2D can be reproduced using 3D geometric morphometric techniques; 2) the nasal cavity exhibits a higher level of covariation with the lateral cranial base than with other parts of the skull, since differences in nasal morphology and basicranial breadth have both been linked to climatic variables. The results support the former hypothesis, but not the latter; covariation observed between the nasal cavity and other cranial modules may suggest that these relationships are characterized by a unique integrative relationship. / February 2016

O órgão vômeronasal (OVN), é uma estrutura que detecta feromônios, emitindo sinais que modulam o comportamento social e reprodutivo. Possui células-tronco que se dividem e migram para substituir neurônios ao longo da vida. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e caracterizar as células derivadas do órgão vômeronasal de coelhos da raça Nova Zelândia e testar seu potencial terapêutico no tratamento da ablação da via vômeronasal. Utilizou-se 10 coelhos machos com 120 dias, sendo 9 submetidos a ablação do OVN e 1 utilizado para coleta de material para cultivo celular. Foram testados três meios de cultivo DMEM High Glucose, DMEM/F12 e MEM Alfa. No cultivo celular observou-se maior confluência e crescimento quando utilizado o DMEM High Glucose, confirmado pelos ensaios de MTT e Azul de Trypan. Na imunocitoquímica observou-se PCNA+, OCT4+, Nanog+, GFAP+, Vimentina+, Nestin+, Stro-1+, B-Tubulina+, CK-18+, CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, CD34-, CD117- e CD45-. Na citometria de fluxo foi observado PCNA+, OCT-3/4+, Nanog+, GFAP+, Vimentina+, Nestin+, Stro-1+, B-Tubulina+, CK-18+, CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, CD34- e CD45-. Na análise molecular foi possível observar a expressão de CD73, CD105, Oct-4, Nestina, Vimentina e GAPDH. Funcionalmente as células se diferenciaram em adipócitos, osteócitos e condrócitos e não possuem potencial tumorigênico em camundongos Balb-cnu/nu. A análise hormonal demonstrou que nos animais tratados após 7 e 14 dias não houveram diferenças significativas entre os grupos tratados e controles. No grupo após 21 dias notou-se uma diferença de 50% nos níveis hormonais no grupo tratado em relação ao grupo controle. Na análise da expressão para eGFP observou-se que os animais tratados após 7 dias as células injetadas formavam aglomerados celulares na região subjacente ao epitélio sensitivo. Após 14 dias continuavam a circundar o epitélio neurosensorial e após 21 dias observou-se pouca expressão de células localizadas apenas na região subjacente ao epitélio neurosensorial. A linhagem celular derivada do órgão vômeronasal possui uma população de células progenitoras, que foram visualizadas no foco da lesão, demonstrando sua capacidade de migração, o que a torna uma boa fonte para terapia celular em ablação da via vômeronasal. / The vômeronasal organ (VNO) is a structure that detects pheromones, emits signals that modulate social and reproductive behavior. It has stem cells that divide and migrate to replace neurons throughout life. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize cells derived from the vômeronasal organ from rabbits New Zealand and test their therapeutic potential in the treatment of ablation of the vômeronasal pathway. 10 male rabbits with 120 days were submitted to the ablation of VNO and 2 controls animals used to collect material for cell culture. Three different culture media DMEM High Glucose, Alpha MEM and DMEM/F12 were tested. In cell culture observed greater confluence and growth when used DMEM High Glucose, confirmed by MTT assay and Trypan Blue. In immunocytochemistry observed PCNA + OCT4 +, Nanog +, GFAP + Vimentin +, Nestin +, Stro-1 + B-tubulin +, CK-18 +, CD73 +, CD90 +, CD105 +, CD34-, CD117-and CD45-. In flow cytometry was observed PCNA + OCT-3/4 + Nanog +, GFAP + Vimentin +, Nestin +, Stro-1 + B-tubulin +, CK-18 +, CD73 +, CD90 +, CD105 +, CD34-and CD45-. Molecular analysis was possible to observe the expression of CD73, CD105, Oct-4, Nestin, vimentin and GAPDH. Functionally, the cells differentiate into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes have not Balb-cnu/nu tumorigenic potential in mice. Hormonal analysis demonstrated that animals treated after 7 days and 14 days there were no significant differences between treated groups and controls. In group after 21 days noticed a 50% difference in hormone levels in the treated group compared to the control group. In expression analysis for eGFP was observed that the treated animals after 7 the injected cells formed cell clusters in the underlying sensory epithelium region. After 14 days continued to surround the neurosensory epithelium and after 21 days there was little expression in the cells located just behind the neurosensory epithelium region. The cell line derived from the vômeronasal organ has a population of progenitor cells that were visualized in the lesion focus, demonstrating their ability to migrate, which makes it a good source for cell therapy in ablation of the vômeronasal pathway.