Thesis (M.A.)--Columbia University. / Bibliography: p. 111-125.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 565-602). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

The topic of the diploma thesis is " Application of simulation model of access network". The aim of the thesis was to create a part of the access network in which were tested simulations for TCP and UDP traffic. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with general information about the GNS3 program and the possibilities which this program allows. The next part of the thesis describes the Mikrotik RouterOS program, which was used in the topology. The next section describes the types of routing in IP networks, as well as the types of packet delivery. The practical part deals with the creation of test topologies and verification of the performance of the simulation tool. Furthermore, the practical part deals with the programming of a network generator for TCP and UDP traffic in the network. The generator was created by using a Bash script and a combination of the dd and nc commands. At the end, the thesis describes the results of simulations in terms of transmission speed, network throughput, packet size distribution and in the case of TCP also bidirectional delay – RTT.

Intrafraction motion has long been suspected of causing inaccuracies in the resultant dose delivered to the patient. This study attempts to determine how breathing motion affects intact-breast cancer patients for three different treatment techniques commonly used in the clinic: physical wedge compensators (PWs), enhanced dynamic wedges (EDWs), and step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy (ssIMRT). Some of the effects of intrafraction motion can be eliminated with Gating Therapy. In this study, we have also investigated the efficiency of a Real-Time Position Management Gating System. In order to mimic patient breathing, equipment has been designed to simulate respiratory motion to a first order approximation. A breast phantom has also been designed to represent patient tissue and shape. Film was used as a dosimeter and static dosimetry data were used as a control for comparison. Three velocities of the breast phantom were studied, and Gating Therapy was introduced for each data set. Dose area histograms were calculated for a breast and lung planning target area (PTA), and Normalized Agreement Test (NAT) Indexes were calculated in reference to the static case. Our study shows that the results are dependent on the respiratory rate and the wedge angle and that deviation from the static case is highest if the collimator speed is of the same magnitude as the speed of the target. Generally, there is a large overdosage to the lung PTA and a large underdosage to the breast PTA. However, with the implementation of Gating Therapy, these dose discrepancies are dramatically reduced. The areas of high and low dose within the treatment field observed in this study can be related to other treatment sites affected by respiratory motion. Based on these results, we highly recommend using Gating Therapy for all treatments that may be affected by intrafraction organ motion.

Intrafraction motion has long been suspected of causing inaccuracies in the resultant dose delivered to the patient. This study attempts to determine how breathing motion affects intact-breast cancer patients for three different treatment techniques commonly used in the clinic: physical wedge compensators (PWs), enhanced dynamic wedges (EDWs), and step-and-shoot intensity modulated radiation therapy (ssIMRT). Some of the effects of intrafraction motion can be eliminated with Gating Therapy. In this study, we have also investigated the efficiency of a Real-Time Position Management Gating System. In order to mimic patient breathing, equipment has been designed to simulate respiratory motion to a first order approximation. A breast phantom has also been designed to represent patient tissue and shape. Film was used as a dosimeter and static dosimetry data were used as a control for comparison. Three velocities of the breast phantom were studied, and Gating Therapy was introduced for each data set. Dose area histograms were calculated for a breast and lung planning target area (PTA), and Normalized Agreement Test (NAT) Indexes were calculated in reference to the static case. Our study shows that the results are dependent on the respiratory rate and the wedge angle and that deviation from the static case is highest if the collimator speed is of the same magnitude as the speed of the target. Generally, there is a large overdosage to the lung PTA and a large underdosage to the breast PTA. However, with the implementation of Gating Therapy, these dose discrepancies are dramatically reduced. The areas of high and low dose within the treatment field observed in this study can be related to other treatment sites affected by respiratory motion. Based on these results, we highly recommend using Gating Therapy for all treatments that may be affected by intrafraction organ motion.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T15:35:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_8657_Fabrício Carlos Tozzi.pdf: 2062578 bytes, checksum: affe975e528cc53bc578480c06857f6c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / O Brasil não é um grande produtor de óleos leves e, além disso, as refinarias brasileiras ainda não processam integralmente os óleos pesados, logo uma alternativa seria a mistura de óleos leves, ou de características mais leves, com óleos pesados, o que levaria à formação de um novo óleo com característica relativamente leve. O nome deste processo é blending e estas misturas são denominadas de blends. Quando se prepara um blend, há a formação de um novo óleo com características diferenciadas, quando comparado a matriz original (óleo ou blend), logo é importante avaliar o impacto dessa mistura nas novas propriedades físico-químicas produzidas. Neste trabalho, foram utilizados quatro petróleos, sendo dois óleos offshore designados de A e B (Gravidade API = 26,4 e 18,3) e dois onshore designados de C e D (Gravidade API = 12,2 e 19,6, respectivamente) sendo a maior parte classificados como pesados, que foram usados para produção de 68 blends. Estes foram analisados e os novos valores encontrados para as propriedades físico-químicas dos blends como NAT, enxofre total, ponto de fluidez, Gravidade API e viscosidade foram avaliadas e comparadas aos óleos originais. Entre os 68 blends produzidos, 13 blends apresentaram, simultaneamente, uma melhora nos valores para NAT, S total, ponto de fluidez e Gravidade API. Vale destacar que dois blends (nomeados de B30 e B34) apresentaram os melhores resultados para o NAT, S total, viscosidade cinemática e Gravidade API. Como a composição química utilizada na preparação destes blends foram diferenciadas, houve também a necessidade de se verificar a influência da concentração dos óleos A, B, C e D nestes resultados dos blends. É possível verificar uma importante contribuição do óleo A nestes resultados encontrados. Portanto, é possível concluir que quando não há uma grande produção de óleos leves, a mistura destes com os óleos pesados possibilita a formação de misturas com características de óleo relativamente mais leve, otimizando assim, as etapas de produção, processamento e refino.

Tato diplomová práce se zabývá metodami pro výběr nejbližší RTP proxy k VoIP klientům s použitím IP anycastu. RTP proxy servery jsou umístěny v síti Internetu a přeposílají RTP data pro VoIP klienty za síťovými překladači adres(NAT). Bez zeměpisně rozmístěných RTP proxy serverů a metod pro nalezení nejbližšího RTP proxy serveru by došlo ke zbytečnému poklesu kvality přenosu médialních dat a velkému zpoždení. Tento dokument navrhuje 4 metody a jejich porovnání s podrobnějšími rozbory metod s využitím DNS resolvování a přímo SIP protokolu. Tento dokument také obsahuje měření chování IP anycastu v porovnání mezi metrikami směrování a metrikami časovými. Nakonec dokumentu je také uvedena implemetace na SIP Express Router platformě.

With the development of mobile (specifically: wide area cellular telephony) technology, users’ requirements have changed from the basic voice service based on circuit switch technology to a desire for high speed packet based data transmission services. Voice over IP (VoIP), a packet based service, is gaining increasing attention due to its high performance and low cost. However, VoIP does not work well in every situation. Today Network address translation (NAT) traversal has become the main obstruction for future VoIP deployment. In this thesis we analyze and compare the existing NAT traversal solutions. Following this, we introduce a VoIP over IPSec (VOIPSec) solution (i.e., a VoIP over IPSec virtual private network (VPN) scheme) and an extended VOIPSec solution mechanism. These two solutions were tested and compared to measure their performance in comparison to a version of the same Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) user agent running without IPSec. In the proposed VOIPSec solution, the IPSec VPN tunnel connects each of the SIP clients to a SIP server, thus making all of the potential SIP participants reachable, i.e., solving the NAT traversal problem. All SIP signaling and media traffic for VoIP calls are transmitted through this prior established tunnel. This VPN tunnel provides the desired universal means for VoIP traffic to traverse NAT equipment. Additionally, the IPSec VPN also guarantees the security of VoIP calls at the IP level. In order to improve the security level of media streams for the VOIPSec solution, we deployed and evaluated an extended VOIPSec solution which provides end-to-end protection of the real time media traffic. In this extended VOIPSec solution, we used SRTP instead of RTP to carry the media content. This extended method was shown to provide all of the advantages of VOIPSec and SRTP without any additional delay for the media traffic (as compared to the VoIPSec solution). Note that the solution proposed in this thesis may be of limited practical importance in the future as more NATs become VoIP capable; but the solution is currently essential for facilitating the increasing deployment of VoIP systems in practice. For VoIP calls that do not need end-to-end security, we recommend the use of the VOIPSec solution as a means to solve the NAT traversal problem and to protect traffic at the IP level. When application to application security is not needed we prefer the VOIPSec solution to the extended VOIPSec solution for the following reasons: (1) our test results show that the time for call setup for the extended VOIPSec solution is twice time the time needed for the VOIPSec solution and the extended VOIPSec solution requires the use of user agents that support SRTP. While, the VOIPSec solution does not require a special user agent and all VoIP clients in the market are compatible with this solution. However, when more SIP user agents add support for SRTP, the extended VOIPSec solution will be applicable for users of these SIP user agents. / Med utvecklingen av mobil (specifikt: wide area cellulär telefoni)-teknik, har användarnas krav ändras från den grundläggande röst-tjänst som bygger på krets kopplad teknik till att vilja ha hög-hastighets paket baserade dataöverföringstjänster. Voice over IP (VoIP) som vinner allt mer uppmärksamhet på grund av sin höga prestanda och låga kostnader är en paket baserad telefon tjänst. Däremot fungerar VoIP inte bra i alla situationer. Network address translation (NAT) har blivit det största hinder för en framtida användning av VoIP. I denna avhandling analyserar vi och jämför nuvarande NAT lösningar. Efter detta inför vi en VoIP över IPSec (VOIPSec) lösning (dvs. ett VoIP över IPSec Virtual Private Network (VPN) system) och en utvidgad VOIPSec lösnings mekanism. Dessa två lösningar testas och jämfördes för att mäta prestationer i förhållande till en version av samma SIP User Agent som körs utan IPSec. I den föreslagna lösningen VOIPSec ansluter IPSec en VPN-tunnel till varje SIP-klient och SIP-server, vilket gör att alla de potentiella SIP deltagarna kan nås, dvs eventuella NAT problem löses. All SIP-signalering och media trafik för VoIP-samtal överförs via denna etablerade tunnel. Denna VPN-tunnel ger allmänna medel för VoIP-trafik att passera NAT utrustningen. Dessutom ger IPSec VPN också garanterad säkerheten för VoIP-samtal på IP-nivå. För att förbättra skyddsnivån för mediaströmmar med VOIPSec, skapade vi och utvärderade en utsträckt VOIPSec lösning som innehåller end-to-end skydd av realtids media trafik. I denna utökade VOIPSec lösning, använde vi SRTP stället för RTP för att bära medieinnehåll. Denna utvidgade metod visade sig ge alla fördelar VOIPSec och SRTP kunde erbjuda utan ytterligare dröjsmål för media trafiken (jämfört med VoIPSec lösningen). Observera att den lösning som föreslås i denna avhandling kan vara av begränsad praktisk betydelse i framtiden då fler NAT lösningar blir VoIP kapabla, men lösningen är idag nödvändigt för att underlätta den ökande användningen av VoIP-system i praktiken. För VoIP-samtal som inte behöver end to end säkerhet rekommenderar vi användning av VOIPSec lösningen som ett sätt att lösa NAT problem och för att skydda trafiken på IP-nivå. När end to end säkerhet inte behövs föredrar vi VOIPSec lösningen av följande skäl: (1) våra testresultat visar att tiden för samtal inställning för det förlängda VOIPSec lösningen är dubbelt den tid som krävs för VOIPSec lösningen och den utökade VOIPSec lösningen kräver användning av användarprogram som stödjer SRTP. Medan VOIPSec lösningen inte kräver en speciell användar agent och alla VoIP-klienter på marknaden är kompatibla med denna lösning. Men när fler SIP användaragenter får stöd för SRTP, kommer den förlängda VOIPSec lösning tillämpas för användare av dessa SIP användarprogram.

The diploma thesis focuses on design of university firewall on Cisco platform. The design deals with important functionalities, which are used in the current solution. These include routing, network address translation, access control lists, VPN. The thesis furher deals with dynamic insertion rules, which are generated based on traffic analysis by Flowmon probe and its ADS module. The new design is implemented in a testing environment and its funcionality is verified. The thesis will serve like feasibility study for final implementation in the production MENDELU network.

Urbanization, the conversion of natural habitat into area fit for human exploitation, is the greatest contemporary threat to natural ecosystems. With urbanization only projected to increase in magnitude as human populations continue to grow it is becoming increasingly important to evaluate the potential negative impacts urbanization can have on vital ecosystem functions and services. One such important ecosystem service is pollination. Roughly 87.5% of flowering plants are animal pollinated, with pollination contributing over $175 billion dollars to the global economy each year. The fundamental ecologic and economic importance of pollination, coupled with the growing threat of urbanization, makes it important to better understand how pollination success may be impacted by urban development. Though, studies on the impact of urbanization on pollination success vary wildly in their findings, with some studies finding a negative impact of urbanization, while others find a negligible or even positive impact. This discordance in past studies is likely due to the fact that pollination studies typically focus on just one aspect of the pollination process, whether that be pollinator community, pollen removal/deposition, or fruit/seed production. Urbanization, however, may induce differential impacts across different stages of the pollination process. Focusing on just one pollination aspect may limit our understanding of the potential underlying mechanisms urbanization may impart on different stages of the pollination process. The goal of this study was to evaluate multiple aspects of pollination success across an urbanization gradient. Specifically, pollinator community (in terms of visitation rate and community composition), pollen removal/deposition, and fruit/seed production were surveyed across 12 common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) populations, six of which were in natural habitats and six of which were in areas of moderate urbanization. By evaluating all pollination aspects together we can pinpoint which step(s) of the pollination process are impacted by urbanization, which will inform decisions on how to best conserve the integrity of pollination in anthropogenically disturbed environments. Overall, urbanization increased pollinator visitation rate (0.151 visits per minute per flower in urban populations, compared to 0.067 at natural populations), and altered pollinator composition, with more small bees and beetles present in more urbanized areas. Pollen removal also increased with urbanization (2.00 pollen removals per flower in urban populations, compared to 1.41 at natural populations), while pollen deposition, fruit production, and seed production were unchanged by urbanization. Thus, suggesting that the more abundant pollinators in more urbanized areas were effective at removing pollen, but ineffective at depositing pollen, resulting in no change in reproductive output (i.e., equal fruit and seed production). The results of this study suggest that increased urbanization can variably impact various steps in the pollination process, thus stressing the importance of studying multiple pollination aspects in tandem.