Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-209). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 2005.

The intention of this thesis is to use the tool of Benefit-Cost analysis in the examination of differing approaches to land use in National Parks. The demand for all types of outdoor recreation is increasing rapidly, and the land resources held for recreation purposes at present are inadequate to meet this demand. National Parks are experiencing a share of this demand, and increasing use of the present resources is bringing problems to the National Parks. In most countries the resources of National Parks are used almost exclusively for recreation and its associated services, but in other cases the land resources in the National Parks support commercial uses as well. These two approaches to land use in National Parks are examined by means of case studies from the Canadian and British National Park systems. The facilities for recreation and the activities undertaken in Banff National Park, Alberta, and the Peak District National Park, England are described, and the problems that arise from the use of these National Park areas, both for recreation and other purposes, are outlined. The Benefit-Cost analysis process is used in the examination of alternative approaches to land use in National Parks. It is suggested that if the land resources in the Parks are to be used most effectively and efficiently, then a system of priorities of use should be established. Benefit-Cost analysis techniques are one method of arriving at such a system in a rational manner. This analytical approach can be used to evaluate between different land use schemes, e.g. between multiple-use and exclusive use as well as between different projects competing for the same resources. The analytical method is applied to two land use schemes in the Canadian National Park context. Without extensive survey, accurate figures and measurements of the exact costs and benefits involved in the two land use schemes cannot be obtained, so that in this instance Benefit-Cost analysis is used as a thought process only and no ratio is arrived at. However, Benefit-Cost analysis provides a logical method of approach to the discussion of alternative developments in National Parks. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Two parks are studied as successful examples of protected natural areas in developing countries to demonstrate the importance of addressing local human needs while caring for the park ecosystem. Nominated as successful in a survey of park experts, Pakistan's Kirthar National Park and Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park are presented as case studies. Strategies reported to be successful in dealing with conflicts with local human populations in 28 protected areas in 18 countries are also discussed. The need for cultural sensitivity by land use planners and managers in protecting and creating sustainable natural areas is stressed.

Submitted in fulfillment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Sociology) in the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand. June 2015 / This dissertation critically examines the transformation of the South African National Parks with special reference to the role of the Social Ecology Directorate during the period 1994-2004. The establishment of a non-racial democratic social order required a different approach to the conservation of biodiversity which involved substantive change. This change included the organisation confronting its role in the apartheid legacy of dispossession, environmental racism and injustice. The Social Ecology Directorate and the concept of Social Ecology were established by the South African National Parks to drive a process of transformation. However, it is argued that these ideas and structures were not strong and cohesive enough to do so. Nevertheless the dissertation suggests that during this period, in a series of complex and contested processes, constrained but significant change was achieved in four areas: a shift to a more people-centred and developmental approach to conservation, restructuring to make the organisation more representative and to eliminate racism and sexism, land restitution, improved relations with neighbouring communities and greater inclusivity and openness to all South Africans through the promotion of tourism and cultural heritage. These changes laid the basis potentially for more radical change which links the conservation of biodiversity to social justice. / MT2016

This thesis examines the history of Tasmania’s national parks and protected areas from 1885-2005, analysing the interests, and the organisations and individuals representing them, which have influenced outcomes. Significant organisations representing different and sometimes competing interests have been community based groups, chiefly the naturalist and scientific bodies, bushwalking clubs and environmental organisations; tourism associations, industry interests, notably forestry, mining and hydro-electricity, federal, local and state governments and government agencies, notably the National Parks and Wildlife Service. The thesis argues that the establishment and development of Tasmania’s national parks and protected areas have been shaped by the negotiations, accommodations, conflicts and shifting relative power among these competing interests. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries consensus of interest among Tasmania’s social and political elite facilitated the declaration of Tasmania’s first scenery reserves and national parks. Conflicts of interest between preserving land in its natural state and industrial development grew apparent from the 1920s however, and Tasmanian governments managed park expansion through politics of compromise in which national parks accommodated industry demands. The environment movement that emerged in the 1960s protested national parks’ ‘residual’ status and with federal government support defeated the State government’s plan to build a dam within an area proposed for a Wild Rivers National Park. Following environmentalists’ success in over-riding State government processes to expand the State’s national park estate and World Heritage Area in the early 1980s; the State government strengthened its direct control over the National Parks and Wildlife Service and focused its attention on national parks’ tourism role. Aspects of tourism in national parks are, however, incompatible with the preservation of environmental and wilderness values, which resulted in further political conflict between government-supported tourism interests and the national parks movement. This thesis complements earlier research on Tasmanian national park history by Mosley, Castles, Shackel, Mendel and Cubit by extending analysis of that history to the twenty-first century, examining the role of the National Parks and Wildlife Service in that history since the agency’s inception in 1971, and addressing both environmental and social perspectives of national park history. It concludes that by the twenty-first century Tasmanian national park policy required a framework of social values associated with national parks in which to situate environmental protection as national parks’ primary purpose.

Thesis (Ph. D.) in Forestry--University of Maine, 2003. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-211).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Queensland, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2002. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). Also available on the World Wide Web.