[pt] Refletir sobre o conceito de territorialização enquanto um processo político e cultural de transformação de territórios étnico-indígenas em territórios estatais-indigenistas é um dos objetivos desta dissertação. Realizar uma investigação histórica sobre o estabelecimento de contatos entre grupos indígenas da etnia Paresí e agentes da Comissão de Linhas Telegráficas Estratégicas do Mato Grosso ao Amazonas, representantes do Estado republicano, constitui um dos focos do estudo. Sinalizar as articulações administrativas historicamente construídas entre a Comissão Rondon e a Inspetoria Regional do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios para o estado do Mato Grosso constitui o eixo da pesquisa. Através do re-batismo de pontos estratégicos do espaço geográfico habitado por índios e da instalação de estações telegráficas e postos indígenas na região de Mato Grosso, agentes militares promoveriam um processo de nacionalização, colonização e re-ordenamento territorial que acarretaria profundas transformações sobre os grupos étnicos. A construção de uma estação telegráfica e de um posto indígena na região batizada pelo militar Rondon como Utiarity produziriam o Território Indigenista Utiarity. Os sujeitos históricos Paresí, por sua vez, participativos do processo e construtores de suas próprias territorialidades, estabeleceriam novas alianças políticas com os agentes externos movidos por interesses próprios às suas comunidades. / [en] Reflect on the concept of territorialization as a political and cultural transformation of ethnic territories in state territories is one of the goals of this dissertation. Carry out an historical investigation of the establishment of contacts between ethnic groups and state agents of Strategic Telegraph Commission of Mato Grosso to Amazonas, the state republican representatives, is a focus of the study. Point out the administrative articulations historically built between the Rondon Commission and the Regional Inspectorate of the Indian Protection Service for the state of Mato Grosso is the hub of research. Through the re-baptism of strategic points in the geographical area inhabited by indians and the installation of telegraph stations and indian posts in the region of Mato Grosso, military agents promote a process of nationalization, colonization and land use planning that would lead to profound transformations on indigenous groups. The construction of a telegraph station and an indian post in a region baptized by Rondon produce the state territory. The indians, in turn, participatory of the historical process and builders of their own territoriality, establish new political alliances with external actors driven by the interest of their communities.

Magíster en Estrategia Internacional y Política Comercial / This report explores the question: Why do foreign oil companies continue operate in exploration and production activities in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry after its 2006 nationalization? The history of Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry is filled with cycles of nationalization and privatization. Each cycle has produced dramatic changes in Bolivia’s petroleum fiscal regime. Bolivia’s 2006 nationalization of its hydrocarbon industry has given Bolivia an international reputation as a high risk country to investment in. However, foreign direct investment is still occurring since the 2006 nationalization. The most interesting aspect of this continued foreign direct investment is that, the majority of it is from existing foreign companies that were there before the 2006 nationalization. This report exposes the underlying reasons as to why foreign companies continue to operate in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon sector despite its most recent nationalization in 2006. A historical analysis will be conducted on Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry; more specifically, the time period between 1990 until 2009 will be the main focus of this report. The legal changes in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry since the 1990s will be evaluated in order to understand Bolivia’s strategy of nationalization in 2006. Throughout the history of Bolivia’s petroleum fiscal regime, there has been a fluctuation of contractual agreements in use with foreign oil companies. After 2006, Bolivia’s contractual agreements finally began to benefit the state by allowing it to receive its fair share of wealth from its hydrocarbon resources. Additionally, Bolivia’s “nationalization” did not involve expropriation; instead it consisted of the enforcement of renegotiations of contractual agreements between the Bolivian State and foreign oil companies. The renegotiations are instrumental in explaining why foreign companies continue to operate in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry after its nationalization in 2006. This report will focus on examining Bolivia’s contractual agreements from 1990 until 2009 in order understand why foreign oil companies continue to operate in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry in spite of its 2006 nationalization. Bolivia’s main source of revenue comes from foreign companies’ exploitation and exploration of its hydrocarbon resources, yet Bolivia has always lost its fair share of wealth from its natural resources due to unfavorable contractual agreements with foreign oil companies. 3 Universidad de Chile Before the 2006 Nationalization, Bolivia had continuously given foreign investors the majority of revenue from its hydrocarbon resources in an effort to attract and keep foreign investors in its hydrocarbon industry. In the 1990s, Bolivia wanted to increase its levels of foreign direct investment in order to import new technologies as well as to improve the expertise in exploration, extraction, transport and production activities within its hydrocarbon industry. Bolivia’s main goal behind seeking FDI was to develop its hydrocarbon sector in order to increase its national wealth from its natural resources. In addition, Bolivia’s hydrocarbon sector was extremely undeveloped. The Bolivian State was ill equipped and had inefficient state assets to develop its hydrocarbon industry. Bolivia’s petroleum fiscal regime in the 1990s was designed to favor foreign investors in order to attract and maintain foreign investment within its hydrocarbon industry. However, this caused Bolivia to lose significant control over its hydrocarbon industry as well as the wealth from its hydrocarbon resources. As a result, it became necessary for Bolivia in 2006 to renegotiate their contracts with foreign energy companies in order for Bolivia to obtain its fair share of revenue from its hydrocarbon resources. Since 2005, the government has sought to increase its share of total hydrocarbon revenues. In May 2005, the former president, Carlos Mesa introduced a new Hydrocarbon Law No. 3058 which created a direct tax, the IDH (Direct Tax on Hydrocarbons), which required companies to pay 32% of production value to the state, in addition to an 18% royalty rate that was already required. However, this law was not yet implemented until Evo Morales became the president of Bolivia in 2006. Shortly after Evo Morales became president of Bolivia, he implemented the 2006 Nationalization Decree which mandated the Hydrocarbon Law No. 3058. This law required renegotiation of contractual agreements with all foreign oil companies operating in Bolivia. The Law No. 3058 made the Bolivian State owner of all hydrocarbon resources and private companies were permitted to only keep 18 percent of production value. This law also nationalized refineries and hydrocarbon distribution companies in order to ensure the presence of Bolivia’s national oil company YPFB (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos) in every stage of the value chain. These actions, together with the rising international hydrocarbon prices have increased the Bolivian state’s hydrocarbon revenues. 4 Universidad de Chile The information obtained from the research in this report, will explain why foreign companies continue to operate in exploration and production activities in Bolivia’s hydrocarbon industry since its 2006 nationalization. Bolivia’s strategy behind its nationalization and its current use of contractual agreements will provide the main arguments as to why foreign companies continue to operate in Bolivia in spite of its hydrocarbon nationalization in 2006.

The purpose of this thesis is to draw out historical progress of the railway and railway transport in our land, to emphasize the necessity of railway transport in post-war renewal and to point out undesirable effects of state intervention and nationalization of railways. In the opening part are described the beginnings of railway transport in our land and is emphasized importance of particular railway lines in light of their utilize after the Second World War and after changing our foreign business orientation after the year 1948 as well. Furthermore is point out the necessity of the railway after the Second World War when the economy required fast consolidation and the railway played significant role. Other part of the thesis deals with comparison of the railway transport and the automobile transport with emphasis on state intervention in favour of the railway transport after the First Word War. The economic part of this thesis is influenced by Austrian economic school and describes the problems of nationalization of railways and their unintended effects.

This research explores human resource development ‘HRD’ as a ‘nationalization strategy’ within developing contexts. A framework for managing nationalization challenges and issues is constructed based on a ‘development’ concept at a national level. The development concept researched in the study is examined and explored through HRD and capacity building. Nationalization as an HRD national strategy is of crucial importance in developing country contexts, and this is especially true for the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in the Middle East. Nationalization strategies have been applied by GCC countries in the Middle East to increase national labour participation within the economy. Since the early 1980s, although nationalization strategies have been implemented through government authorities and ministries, the expatriate employment share remains at around 70 per cent with increasing national unemployment rates. The main aim of the research is to explore the role of nationalization programs within an HRD framework designed to build capacity from national human resources. Forces of resistance towards nationalization are addressed through a development framework that depends on human resource development and capacity building. Nationalization challenges are examined within developing contexts along with HRD theories presenting an intersection that positions ‘nationalization’ within HRD literature. Addressing nationalization issues through a ‘qualitative’ approach, distinct from quantitative measures such as quotas, proves to be a necessity for transitioning national labour towards a diversified economy in the GCC. The framework presented to address nationalization in the GCC was explored at the individual, organizational and national levels, hence presenting the nationalization challenges faced by the main executors of nationalization policies. The research findings reveal a strong correlation between the real practice of nationalization and HRD theories revealing the intersection between key concepts. The research findings demonstrate the significance of the intersection of nationalization and HRD, thus positioning nationalization within the HRD literature. The research findings reveal other ‘qualitative’ factors necessary to ensure long-term economic returns. The relevant areas include preparation of HRD professionals, coordination among entities, balancing supply and demand for labour, creating desired private sectors, education and culture. Considering retention strategies within nationalization indicates to be a crucial necessity to avoid lost investments in nationalization efforts. An examination of the role of career development in private sector organizations in Bahrain for managing and retaining local talents within nationalization initiatives reveals the importance of considering monetary rewards and creating suitable nationalized sectors that are attractive to nationals. The research examination of change management processes within nationalization in Bahrain provides strong evidence of the importance of considering qualitative approaches for developing economic sectors through national human resource interventions by embedding capacity building processes that can create long-term economic sustainable benefits within the economy. Therefore, the research findings provide a nationalization framework that takes a holistic approach by revealing findings at the individual, organizational and national levels that are essential to consider for increasing national human resources participation in developing economies such as the GCC countries where resistance towards nationalization persists.

Nationalization decrees of the President Abstract This diploma thesis brings a comprehensive treatise on the nationalization decrees of the President of the Republic, and the related first wave of nationalization in Czechoslovakia. This first wave of nationalization took place just a few months after the end of World War II. The primary goal of this work is a thorough analysis of the nationalization legislation of the first stage of nationalization, with emphasis on its historical roots, especially with regard to the role of the person of President Edvard Beneš. The thesis first explains the basic concepts related to nationalization, which creates the necessary theoretical basis for the following parts. The second part examines in detail the historical context that gave rise to the very idea and concept of nationalization. A special space in this section is devoted to a key person in Czechoslovak exile politics and at the same time to President Beneš. The third to seventh part forms the very core of the submitted diploma thesis. In these sections, the President's own nationalization decrees of the Republic of the Republic are analyzed in detail. This category of presidential decrees includes a total of five regulations - Decree No. 50/1945 Coll. on measures in the field of film, Decree No. 100/1945 Coll.,...

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The diploma thesis deals primarily with the so-called first stage of the nationalization process in Czechoslovakia, which took place between 1945 - 1948, and the post-war confiscations of the same period, as well. The objective of the thesis is particularly to describe and analyze the then relevant legal regulations and place them adequately in the historical context. The content of the five thematic chapters is adapted to this topic. First, it attempts to define the basic concepts of nationalization, appropriation, socialization, expropriation and confiscation. Subsequently, it examines the basic historical roots of the concept of nationalization. It does so especially by comparing the approaches to proprietary rights through the prism of two dominant ideologies, namely liberalism and socialism. The core of the thesis consists of the nationalization and confiscation decrees themselves and the issues related. The National Institute of Administration was closely associated with this issue, as well. From the legislator's point of view, it was also necessary to distinguish which assets were to be confiscated and which, on the other hand, nationalized. The film industry first, followed by mines and large industrial enterprises, the food industry, banking and insurance companies were subject to...

Nationalization and confiscation in 1945 - 1948 Abstract The main subjects of this thesis are nationalization and confiscation that took place in Czechoslovakia between 1945 and 1948. In the introductory chapters it deals with the definition of the concepts of nationalization and confiscation and their historical context. Closer attention is paid to the land reform of the First Czechoslovak Republic. The following is a description of political and economic concepts that emerged during World War II in both domestic and foreign resistence movements and in which the demands for a fundamental economic transformation of Czechoslovakia were stressed. The opinions of Edvard Beneš and the negotiations between Moscow and London exile politicians on the future Košice government program are also discussed. The following chapters deal with nationalization and confiscation in 1945, individual decrees on nationalization and confiscation are discussed, the process of their adoption, taking into account especially the government meetings. Institute of national administration, which had a very close connection to nationalization and confiscation, is delineated as well. In the period from 1946 to 1947, the main focus is on revision of the land reform of the First Czechoslovak Republic and other measures concerning land...

This thesis analyses the history of the property fund of the Hluboka Schwarzenberg family branch throughout the period of World War 2 up to the consequent years, focused especially on the post-war development. Careful analyses of this question is also about to bring a deeper view of the society's political and sociological setting in the focused period, especially from the point of the view of the consequences accompanying the passing of statute No. 143/1947 Sb., including the proces of its origin itself. A part of the theses also examines the direct impact of the statute to the Schwarzenberg family itself. In my work, the history of the property of the Hluboka branch of the Schwarzenberg family is folowed, up to the moment of the definite integration of the property fund into the socialistic economical system, bringing the destruction of its unity.