The invasive nature and undesirable side-effects related to conventional cancer therapy, such as surgery and chemotherapy, have led to the development of novel drug delivery systems (DDS). A minimally invasive DDS using near-infrared (NIR) light as a trigger for drug release is investigated to reduce the adverse side-effects triggered by systemic delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The low tissue absorbance in the NIR region, λ = 650–2500 nm, allows the irradiation to penetrate through tissues to release cisplatin from a NIR-sensitive nanocomposite of Au-Au₂S. Our laboratory has recently shown that cisplatin can be effectively released from Au-Au₂S upon NIR irradiation. Cisplatin was loaded onto Au-Au₂S through its adsorption on COOH-functionalized alkanethiols coated on Au-Au₂S. The current work focuses on the development of methods to control the release of cisplatin. Drug release is controlled by either the irradiation parameters or the type of coatings. The effect of different coatings on NIR sensitivity and drug release is investigated. Molecular layers of HS-(CH₂)n-COOH and HS-CH₂-COO-CH₂(CH₂CH₂O)xCH₂-COOH have been successfully coated onto Au-Au₂S. The effect of different surface layers on drug adsorption is being examined. In addition, a mathematical model has been developed to describe the thermal effects of different irradiation parameters on soft tissues. / Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA)

The Mini-EUSO (Mini - Extreme Universe Space Observatory) is an instrument for observation of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECR) from space. It is designed to observe Earth from the international space station (ISS) in the ultra-violet (UV), visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) light ranges. The UV sensor is the main sensor, designed and built by the EUSO collaboration. The visible and near-infrared sensors are secondary sensors. These are two cameras, FMVU-13S2C-CS and CMLN-13S2M-CV, from Point Grey Research Inc. The near-infrared light camera has a phosphor coating on the sensor to convert from near-infrared light to visible light, which is detectable by the camera's CCD. This thesis deals with the calibration and evaluation of the secondary sensors. This is done by first evaluating the bias and dark current for both cameras. After which a calibration is done using the light measurement sphere, located at the National Instituteof Polar Research (NIPR) in Midori-cho, Tachikawa-shi, Japan. Due to the low sensitivity of the near-infrared light camera, an evaluation of its ability to see celestialobjects are also performed. It is found that the visible light camera has a high bias with values around 5 ADU (Analog-to-Digital unit), but almost non-existing dark current, with mean values below 1 ADU. The visible light camera has good sensitivity for all the colors: red, green and blue. However, it is most sensitive to green. Due to this, it is easy to saturate the pixels with too much light. Therefore, saturation intensity was also examined for the shutter times of the visible light camera. This is found to be between 900μWm-2sr-1 and 1·107μWm-2sr-1, depending on color and shutter time. The near-infrared light camera is the opposite; it has a low bias with values below 1 ADU and a high dark current. The values of the dark current for the near-infrared light camera are highly dependent on the temperature of the camera. Mean values are below 1 ADU for temperatures around 310K, but mean values of almost 2 ADU at temperatures around 338K. The sensitivity of the near-infrared light camera is very low, therefore, the only way to detect a difference between the light levels of the light measurement sphere was to use a high ADC amplication gain. With this it was found that there is a power-law behavior, values between 1.33 and 1.50, of the relationship between pixel values and light intensity. This is likely due to the phosphor coating used to convert to visible light. When trying to detect celestial objects, the faintest object detected was Venus with a magnitude of less than -4.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第23543号 / 情博第773号 / 新制||情||132(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)准教授 延原 章平, 教授 西野 恒, 教授 西田 眞也, 教授 佐藤 いまり(国立情報学研究所) / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy involves the irradiation of tissues with red to near- infrared (NIR) light at low power densities to stimulate healing, reduce inflammation, and promote optimal cellular functioning. These beneficial effects are thought to occur due to the absorption of NIR light by the chromophore, and terminal enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, cytochrome c oxidase (CCO). It is hypothesized that increased oxygen consumption due to the photostimulation of CCO, as well as photodissociation of the vasodilator nitric oxide from its binding site in the binuclear center of CCO, contribute to improved tissue healing by increasing blood flow to the irradiated region. Applied to the brain, PBM therapy has the potential to improve many neurological injuries and diseases for which reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) is a common finding. This study examines whether cortical irradiation with NIR light has an impact on CBF in mice. Mice were administered brain PBM via 810nm, 190mW LED for 18 minutes. CBF was measured before, during, and after treatment using Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography. Results from 16 trials demonstrated a significant, 40% increase in CBF during NIR treatment. This CBF increase was not observed during control trials. Additionally, irradiation with a 730nm LED did not increase CBF, indicating that the blood flow increase observed with 810nm irradiation was not simply due to tissue heating. These findings provide support for the value of PBM therapy for the treatment of neurological conditions. / 2023-05-14T00:00:00Z

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Frequency Domain Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy (FD-DOS) is an emerging optical technique that uses near infrared light to probe the hemodynamics of biological tissue. Compared to more common Continuous Wave (CW) methods, FD-DOS uses light that is temporally modulated on the order of MHz to quantify the absorption and scattering of tissue. FD-DOS can also be used to obtain absolute concentration of tissue chromophores such as oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin, which allow for quantitative measurements of tissue hemodynamics. This dissertation focuses on the evolution of our lab’s custom digital FD-DOS as a platform for taking optical measurement of biological tissue for respiratory and cardiovascular applications. Several important instrumentation improvements will be reviewed that have enhanced the performance of the system while making it more portable and clinic ready. Two translational applications will be described in detail: 1) the use of high-speed FD-DOS for the non-invasive extraction of venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and 2) the use of FD-DOS to monitor the hemodynamics of the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) muscle towards the non-invasive monitoring of patients on mechanical ventilation. The custom FD-DOS system parameters were adjusted for each application, with a focus on high speed to extract the cardiac signal for the SvO2 project, and a focus on high SNR to measure the highly absorbing SCM. Measurements on healthy volunteers and rabbits were used to assess the feasibility of using FD-DOS for these applications. Finally, preliminary work was conducted to characterize a miniature FD-DOS source and detector with the goal of moving towards a wearable version of FD-DOS. / 2022-05-15T00:00:00Z

Poor water quality is a global health concern affecting one billion people around the world. It is important to monitor water sources in order to maintain the quality of our drinking water and to avoid disease outbreaks. Targeting Escherichia coli as a faecal indicator is a widely used procedure, but the current methods are time consuming and not adequate to prevent spreading of faecal influence.   This Master thesis demonstrates the development of a near infrared fluorescence flow cytometer sensor system targeting Escherichia coli, using fluorescently labeled chicken IgY antibodies. The near infrared light was chosen to avoid fluorescence from blue-green algae that are present in the water source.   The hardware was developed with a 785  nm laser line to detect Alexa Fluor 790 labeled antibodies, using a photomultiplier tube or two different CMOS cameras. The antibodies were labeled using a commercial labeling kit, and evaluated using antibody binding assays and the developed hardware.   The IgY antibodies were successfully labeled with Alexa Fluor 790 and the function was maintained after the labeling process. The result demonstrates the principles of the sensor system and how it solved to the problem with fluorescence from blue-green algae. An aperture was used to overcome the suboptimal laser and filter setup, and to increase the sensitivity of the system. However, only a small fraction of the cells could be detected, due to challenges with the focal depth and loss of sensitivity in the photomultiplier tube at near infrared wavelengths. Further development is required to create a working product.

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