Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 274 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.) Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 179-192).

This is a study of language choice and language alternation patterns in a corpus of messages posted on two Brunei Darussalam on-line discussion forums. It aims to break new ground by investigating Malay-English language alternation in the context of computer-mediated communication (CMC), in contrast to previous research which has mostly studied alternation or code-switching in informal conversations. The corpus of texts consists of 21 1 messages posted on the 'Bruclass' and 'Brudirect' forums. These were analysed in terms of their grammatical and discoursal features to determine what role is played by each of the contributing languages. Chapter 1 outlines the major research questions: how much alternation is there between Malay and English, how is this alternation achieved, and why do the bilingual text producers make these language choices when posting their messages in the on-line forums? This chapter also includes outline description of the sociolinguistic context of Brunei Darussalam in terms of its population, history, system of education, and discussion of the varieties of Malay and of English used by Bruneians. In Chapter 2 relevant literature on language alternation is reviewed, with a gradual narrowing of the focus: from theories of code-switching and language alternation to studies dealing specifically with Malay-English code-switching in Malaysia and in Brunei Darussalam. Studies on language use and alternation in the CMC domain are also reviewed. Chapter 3 discusses the combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, and the rationale for these. Findings from the grammatical and discoursal analyses are reported and discussed in Chapter 4. Whilst monolingual English messages are the most frequent, almost half of the corpus texts are found to include a measure of Malay-English alternation. / Many of these display an asymmetric alternation pattern, in which one language supplies the grammar and the other the lexis, but there are also examples of equal alternation, where Malay and English both contribute to the grammar and to the lexis. The reasons for these choices are investigated through a questionnaire survey, which includes a text ranking task, and through other published texts in which Bruneians discuss their use of language. Chapter 5 discusses these findings, and the concluding Chapter 6 considers connections between the analysis of the texts and the questionnaire survey, especially the preference for monolingual English. Chapter 6 also includes discussion of questions of identity as reflected in the language choices and of language use in the CMC domain.

The study deals with the problem of applicability of two anthropological theories, structural functionalism and interpretive anthropology of Clifford Geertz. By applicability is meant what concrete difference using of one or the other theory brings about in ethnography. Each of the theories is at first thoroughly examined with emphasis on its possible aims, assumptions, and consequences for an ethnographer. Then each theory is put to test in examination of one particular ethnography associated with the theory. Evans-Pritchard's The Nuer serves as an instance of structural functionalism. Clifford Geertz's Negara as an example of interpretative analysis. Structural functionalism is shown to provide an ethnographer with a much more definite guidance which contributes to better possibilities of verification and comparability of the results than interpretive anthropology. Apart from the main subject, the study is concerned with more general questions, especially related to non-existence of a paradigm in anthropology and some of its causes.

Cette étude est destinée à la question de l’hygiène aux Indes-Néerlandaises, (Indonésie après l’époque coloniale). Aux périodes étudiées (XIXe-milieu du XXe siècle) ce pays étant administré par les Pays-Bas, cette question sera donc examinée dans son rapport avec le colonialisme. L’hygiène était en effet liée à la politique coloniale qui mettait en avant l’exploitation des ressources naturelles pour l’intérêt économique des colonisateurs. Le médecin joue un rôle important dans la construction de l’impérialisme. D’abord, il assure la santé des Européens – des soldats, des planteurs et des administrateurs coloniaux – sous les tropiques. La santé des Indigènes – qui constituent la main-d’œuvre, et au sein desquels parfois éclate une épidémie qui menace le territoire – attire également son attention. Enfin, en élargissant le sens du mot « santé » à la santé mentale et sociale, le médecin ne traite plus seulement de l’hygiène médicale, voire de l’hygiène corporelle, mais aussi de l’hygiène sociale et culturelle ; il ne s’occupe plus seulement de préserver et d’améliorer la santé du corps, mais aussi de préserver et de protéger la moralité de la société. La lutte contre des facteurs destructeurs sociaux comme l’abus d’alcool, la criminalité, la prostitution, la pornographie et l’homosexualité est menée, car ces fléaux sociaux sont considérés comme un obstacle pour une société qui est en train de construire sa modernité. / This research seeks to elaborate the question of hygiene in the Dutch Indies, former name of Indonesia. The fact that during the period studied this country was a colony of the Netherlands, the subject will be investigated in its relation to colonialism. In the colonial world, hygiene is inevitably related to the colonial politic which emphasizes on the exploitation of natural resources for the economic interest of the colonizer. The well-being of the population and the good health of the workers must then be assured, hence public health programs become significant. Questioning the health issue, this activity could not be dissociated from medicines. The role of physicians as the main actors became important in the construction of colonial state. This is due to several reasons. First, they assured the health of the Europeans – the military members, the planters, and the colonial administrators – in the Tropics. The health of Indigenous people – regarded as the manpower – also drew physicians’ attention, especially when there was an epidemic that threatened the population. Finally, by extending the sense of the word “health” to mental and social health, physicians no longer dealt only with the hygiene of the body, but also the social and cultural hygiene; they do not only engage in the improvement of health, but they also had to preserve and protect the morality of the society. The struggle against the unfavorable elements in the social life like alcohol abuse, criminality, prostitution, pornography and homosexuality was deployed because these elements are considered as a major barrier against the process to construct a modernity society. / Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji persoalan higienitas di Hindia-Belanda, negara yang kini bernama Indonesia. Mengingat penelitian ini membahas periode kolonial Belanda, maka persoalan higienitas akan dianalisis dalam hubungannya dengan kolonialisme. Dalam sebuah negara kolonial, persoalan ini tentu saja erat terkait dengan politik kolonial yang selalu mengedepankan praktik eksploitasi sumber alam untuk kepentingan ekonomi penjajah. Itu sebabnya kesehatan penduduk dan tenaga kerja harus dijamin, dan dari situlah program kesehatan masyarakat kemudian muncul. Pembahasan mengenai hal ini tentu saja tidak bisa dilepaskan dari dunia kedokteran, dan oleh karena itu peran dokter menjadi sangat penting dalam pembentukan imperialisme. Terdapat beberapa alasan untuk ini. Pertama, para dokter ini berperan dalam memberi jaminan kesehatan untuk orang-orang Eropa seperti tentara, tuan kebun dan pegawai administrasi kolonial selama mereka tinggal di daerah tropis. Kondisi kesehatan penduduk pribumi juga kemudian menarik perhatian mereka, terutama ketika wabah epidemi menyerang. Ini karena, bagaimana pun, orang pribumi dianggap sebagai sumber tenaga kerja yang sangat penting. Terakhir, dengan memperluas makna “kesehatan” ke ranah kesehatan mental dan sosial, para dokter ini tidak lagi hanya mengurusi soal kesehatan tubuh, tetapi juga sibuk dalam urusan higienitas sosial dan budaya; artinya mereka tidak hanya sibuk mengurusi orang sakit dan meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan masyarakat, tetapi juga memberi perhatian serius terhadap persoalan moral di dalam masyarakat. Perang terhadap penyalahgunaan alkohol, kriminalitas, pelacuran, pornografi, dan homoseksualitas dicanangkan, sebab “penyakit-penyakit” sosial ini dianggap sebagai penghambat sebuah masyarakat modern.