This thesis undertakes to refine our understanding of the syntactic properties of sentential negation. The proposed analyses operate at the juncture of recent innovations to Case, Agreement, and X-bar theories, within a Government and Binding framework. Case is checked in a Specifier/Head configuration whenever possible, and agreement is analyzed as the reflex of a Case-checking operation at S-structure. The proposal that the inventory of functional categories available in Universal Grammar includes a Negation Phrase (NegP) is adopted as a point of departure. / In the context of this investigation, certain syntactic properties are attributed to the head and specifier of NegP. It is proposed that the specifier of NegP provides an A-position in which NPs may be Case-checked. S-structure Case-checking is reflected in agreement marking on the negative head. Evidence for LF Case-checking in this position is derived from the Case-licensing of direct objects in negated clauses in Colloquial Welsh and Russian. Definiteness effects are analyzed as due to constraints on an additional Case-licensing option required if negation blocks Case assignment under government. Variations in agreement patterns in affirmative and negative relative clauses in Literary and Colloquial Welsh are attributed to the barrier status of the head of NegP.

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Negatives in German and Lithuanian.

Septic shock due to bacterial infections is one of the main causes of death in intensive care units of the developed world. To a great extent, the efforts to improve the outcomes of life-threatening infections including septic shock have focused on the deployment of antimicrobials of ever increasing potency. However, many pathogenic bacterial strains have acquired resistance to available and even recently introduced antibiotics. Alternate pharmacokinetic strategies constitute another pathway to increased antimicrobial efficacy. In this study, we have demonstrated that a single very high dose of gentamicin can eliminate sensitive and moderately resistant bacterial strains at an accelerated rate with a lower risk of regrowth in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model compared to standard (once daily-equivalent) dosing. This approach may be clinically viable if potential toxicity concerns can be addressed.

Magister Artium - MA / NEGATION is a semantic feature found mainly on clause/sentence level. Negation in Afrikaans is characterised by (a) NEG1-forms represented by various particles which are located within the major constituents of the sentence (eg. in the auxiliary, as part of the subject-nominal etc.), and (b) NEG2 that is the closing particle (= NIE2) in sentence-final position. / South Africa

Lee Yin Fai. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [143-148]). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iv / List of Tables --- p.vi / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.0 --- Negation in natural language --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Negation in spoken languages: a typological description --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sentential negation and constituent negation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Assertion and sentential negation --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sentential negation and emphatic affirmation --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Sentential negation versus constituent negation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3. --- Sentential negation and the tense/aspect system --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4 --- Scope ambiguities of quantification and sentential negation --- p.16 / Chapter 1.5 --- Scope of the present study --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6 --- Data collection and notation conventions --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Spontaneous naturalistic data --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Elicited data --- p.28 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Notation conventions --- p.29 / Chapter 1.7 --- Thesis organization --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Negation in Sign Languages --- p.31 / Chapter 2.0 --- Introduction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1 --- Negation in sign languages: a typological description --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Constituent negation in sign languages --- p.33 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Sentential negation in sign languages --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Different approaches to analyses of negation in sign languages --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- The syntax of headshake in sign languages --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- The syntax and semantics of ASL manual negation markers --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Syntax and Semantics of negators in ASL --- p.46 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Clause-final negator and focus?? --- p.58 / Chapter 2.3 --- Chapter summary --- p.61 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Negation in Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.63 / Chapter 3.0 --- Introduction --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1 --- Non-manual negative expressions in HKSL --- p.63 / Chapter 3.2 --- Constituent negation in HKSL --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Sentential negation in HKSL --- p.75 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Negative Modals --- p.76 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Negative Temporals --- p.80 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Simple negatives: NOT and NOT-HAVE --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Negative locative-existential: NOT´ؤEXIST --- p.85 / Chapter 3.4 --- Syntactic position of the sentential negators --- p.87 / Chapter 3.5 --- Chapter summary --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- NOT and NOT一HAVE in Hong Kong Sign Language --- p.91 / Chapter 4.0 --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sentential negation in HKSL --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Sentential negator NOT --- p.92 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Sentential negator NOT´ؤHAVE --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2 --- Semantic Distinction of NOT and NOT´ؤHAVE --- p.95 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Eventualities versus propositions --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Event variables --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Negative existential quantifier NOT HAVE --- p.99 / Chapter 4.3 --- Interaction with other semantic categories --- p.104 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- NOT and NOT´ؤHAVE: Scope ambiguity with quantifier ALL --- p.105 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- NOT and NOT_HAVE with aspect in HKSL --- p.111 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- NOT versus NOT´ؤHAVE: identification and existence --- p.118 / Chapter 4.4 --- Chapter Summary --- p.124 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Conclusion --- p.126 / Appendix 1 List of Examples / Bibliography

The purpose of this study is to contribute to the investigation of the semantics and syntax of Negative Words (N-words) in negative concord languages, with a focus on Spanish. An in-depth look into the syntactic behavior as well as into the meaning of terms such as nadie 'nobody', nada 'nothing', nunca 'never', etc., will provide some insight into the controversial nature of these words in the Romance languages as well as a better understanding of their peculiar pattern of distribution. On a larger picture, a thorough investigation of the semantics and syntax of these items will, in turn, contribute to a better understanding of the nature of negative polarity items in general. Thus, as I just anticipated, my conclusion is that N-words are in fact equivalent to negative polarity items, and that the phenomenon of negative concord, by which, in some languages, various negative items contribute only one semantic negation to a sentence, is a subcase of the crosslinguistic phenomenon of negative polarity licensing. In this respect, my analysis of N-words builds on the analyses of Bosque (1980) and Laka (1990). I base my conclusion that N-words are negative polarity items upon an extensive survey of comparative data coming from different Romance languages as well as from English, and I bring up new data and arguments supporting my view on the issue. In addition to arguing for the negative polarity nature of N-words, I also explore the extent to which syntactic operations are involved in the licensing of N-words, and I provide evidence showing that N-word licensing does not directly involve syntactic movement (contra most standard assumptions). Finally, in my investigation of the nature of N-words, I go beyond simply identifying them as negative polarity items. Specifically, I look deeply into the logicosemantic contribution of N-words, and I present arguments and data showing that N-words do not have either negative or any other kind of quantificational force. Rather, as I argue, they are better characterized as logicosemantic variables (in the sense of Kamp 1981 and Heim 1982.) In this regard, I depart from Bosque's (1980) and Laka's (1990) characterization of N-words. My view is more radical than theirs in that I do not just claim that N-words do not have inherent negative content, but also that they do not have any quantificational force of their own at all.

Elicitation of basic clause structure

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims at the investigation of negation in IsiXhosa with the main emphasis on negative morphemes and negative constituents. This study exammes negative morphemes that effect negation m verbs such as copulative and non-copulative verbs in all moods and tenses. This investigation will take the Noun Phrase as the centre of focus. NP will be examined with both specified and unspecified noun as head. Chapter one deals with the brief overview of negation in syntax with special emphasis on negation as an inflectional category and on the structure of functional phrases. Chapter two investigate the negative morphemes in the different moods with different tenses. These moods will be considered with regard to copulative and non-copulative verbs. Secondly this chapter explores negative construction involving the copulative verb and its complements which include the NP, adjective, relative, PP with NGA and PP with na. Deficient verbs properties are explored. Chapter three aims at investigating the possibilities of putting different constituents of a sentence in the negative. These possibilities include subject inversion, clefting and etc. Modal structure theory is applied. Chapter four aims at summarizing the findings contained in the previous chapters. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het as doel 'n ondersoek na die negatief in Xhosa, veral die negatiewe morfeme en die negatiewe konstituente. Dit ondersoek negatiewe morfeme wat 'n invloed het op die negatief in werkwoorde soos die kopulatiewe en nie-kopulatiewe werkwoorde in alle modi en tye. Hierdie ondersoek het as fokuspunt die naamwoordgroep. Die naamwoordgroep is ondersoek met 'n gespesifiseerde en niegespesifiseerde naamwoord as kern. Hoofstuk een gee 'n kort oorsig oor die negatief in sintaksis met spesiale nadruk op die negatief as 'n infleksie kategorie en op die struktuur van funksionele frases. Hoofstuk twee ondersoek die negatiewe morfeme in die verskillende modi met verskillende tye. Hierdie modi is ondersoek met verwysing na kopulatiewe en niekopulatiewe werkwoorde. Tweedens, ondersoek hierdie hoofstuk die negatiewe konstruksie met die kopulatiewe werkwoord en sy komplemente wat insluit die naamwoordgroep, adjektief, relatief en preposisionele groepe met nga en na. Die eienskappe van hulpwerkwoorde is ook ondersoek. Hoofstuk drie ondersoek die moontlikhede om verskillende konstituente van 'n sin in die negatiefte plaas. Hierdie moontlikhede sluit in subjeksinversie en split. Hoofstuk vier gee 'n opsomming van die bevindings in die vorige hoofstukke.

NEGATION is a semantic feature found mainly on clause/sentence level. Negation in Afrikaans is characterised by (a) NEG1-forms represented by various particles which are located within the major constituents of the sentence (eg. in the auxiliary, as part of the subject-nominal etc.), and (b) NEG2 that is the closing particle (= NIE2) in sentence-final position.