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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Inferring Dispersal of Aquatic Invertebrates from Genetic Variation: A Comparative Study of an Amphipod (Talitridae Hyalella azteca) and Mayfly (Baetidae Callibaetis americanus) in Great Basin Springs

Stutz, Heather Lynn 15 December 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Whether active or passive, dispersal accompanied by gene flow shapes the population genetics and evolutionary divergence of species. Indirect methods which use genetic markers have the ability to assess effective dispersal—that which resulted in gene flow. My objective was to see if an aquatic insect and an obligate aquatic invertebrate show similar phylogeographic patterns and genetic uniqueness. Hyalella azteca and Callibaetis americanus were collected from 4-5 springs in each of six basins in the Great Basin of western North America. No dispersal or genetic studies of C. americanus have been conducted to date. However, several studies focusing on mtDNA diversity of H. azteca have revealed a tremendous degree of cryptic diversity in the desert springs of the Great Basin. Nested clade phylogeographical analysis (NCPA), FST values, AMOVA, and Mantel tests were used to examine geographical associations. I also used traditional phylogenetic approaches including maximum parsimony (MP) and likelihood (ML) analyses using cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), 28S, and 16S as genetic markers. The mitochondrial COI sequence divergences in C. americanus were higher than H. azteca COI divergences within springs but lower among springs. FST values were very high in H. azteca reaching near fixation for certain alleles. C. americanus FST values were lower suggesting greater gene flow and, consequently, greater dispersal rates. Even though Mantel tests did not detect significant isolation by distance when evaluating all haplotypes together, nested clade analysis was able to examine smaller networks of related haplotypes and detect significant isolation by distance. Whereas the genetic structure in C. americanus was dominated by restricted gene flow with isolation by distance, H. azteca was characterized more by gradual range expansion followed by fragmentation. Mayflies likely showed more gene flow than amphipods because of their flight capabilities, but movement was still restricted by long distances between isolated springs.
2

Variações no gene yolk em moscas das frutas do grupo fraterculus

Oliveira, Gustavo Castro de 30 June 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2667.pdf: 1236621 bytes, checksum: 9702ce62be0433e7639201366d6444aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-30 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Species of the fraterculus group are associated to the biggest damages to fruit crops due to the fact that they attack indiscriminately green and ripe fruits, making them pests of great economic importance. These species are hard to tell apart, even showing some potential criptic species. The understanding of the populational structure and biology of this species group is of paramount importance to strategies of management and control of these pests. Here, we investigate variation on the gene yolk em 37 individuals sampled throughout the species distribution in Brazil seeking to better understand the populational structure of this species group in Brazil. Our data indicated existence of recombination, which lead us to analyze three different regions in the gene, 5 , mid, and 3 . These regions show high levels of nucleotide diversity intra and interspecifically for all three gene regions investigated. The use of Nested Clade Phylogenetic Analysis independently used on these regions indicate two main results that occurred more than one throughout our analyses. The first is a range expansion from north-NE populations towards the south, mostly related to specimens of Anastrepha fraterculus. The second common event, detected eight times, is restricted gene flow with isolation by distance (IBD). Dating of such events indicated that they are temporarily congruent which might indicate that the lack of IBD in other levels of the analysis might be caused either by sampling limitations or an excess of local gene flow that tampers out as we move farther in space. Our results of the gene yolk have provided us with a better understanding of the levels of local variation of this marker of for the species that may help us determine the evolutionary processes that shaped the species group current distribution. / Espécies do grupo fraterculus estão relacionadas com os maiores danos a culturas de frutas carnosas por atacar frutos verdes e maduros indistintamente, o que as torna pragas de grande importância econômica. Contudo, estas espécies são de difícil distinção, com a existência potencial de diversas espécies crípticas. Dessa forma, o entendimento da biologia e, particularmente, da estrutura populacional desses insetos-praga tem grande importância para o desenvolvimento de novas estratégias de manejo. Neste trabalho, investigamos a variação no gene yolk em 37 indivíduos ao longo da distribuição do grupo no Brasil para conhecermos melhor o padrão estrutural das espécies do grupo fraterculus. Os dados indicam a existência de recombinação, de forma que analisamos a região amplificada separadamente por regiões distintas: 5 , mid e 3 . Análises de polimorfismos nestas regiões apontaram para altos valores de diversidade nucleotídicas intra e interespecíficas para as três regiões gênicas em questão, sendo estes valores maiores para a região 3 . A metodologia da Análise dos Clados Aninhados (NCPA) foi utilizada para inferências de possíveis relações entre a configuração das redes haplotípicas com o padrão de distribuição geográfica considerando estas três regiões distintas. Através do uso desta metodologia, observamos dois eventos principais que podem estar influenciando a distribuição das espécies do grupo fraterculus no território nacional. A primeira inferência refere-se à expansão populacional no sentido Centro-Sul do Brasil, referente preferencialmente à espécie Anastrepha fraterculus. O segundo evento de inferência indica fluxo gênico restrito com isolamento por distância ao longo da distribuição global dos espécimes amostrados. A datação destes eventos indica uma congruência temporal, o que pode indicar que a não ocorrência de fluxo gênico em clados inferiores possa estar associado a restrições amostrais, uma vez que nossa amostragem é de fato restrita. Além disso, em populações mais próximas, o fluxo gênico pode estar ocorrendo com freqüência suficiente para promover a homogeneização genética das populações. Os resultados obtidos mediante a análise das seqüências do gene yolk nos permitiu um melhor conhecimento àcerca dos níveis de variação referentes a esse marcador, bem como determinar os processos que possam estar envolvidos no padrão de distribuição atual das espécies do grupo fraterculus no território nacional.

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