This dissertation reassesses the impact of U.S. annexation of Arizona and New Mexico in 1848 by recovering the imposition of and resistance to the new national border and identities among Spanish-Mexican, mestiza, and Euro-American women from 1846 to 1941. I analyze the impact of U.S. annexation of Arizona and New Mexico on gender roles, ethnic identity, and cultural practices by focusing on the roles of the domestic space, food culture, and material culture in dividing and bringing together women across these ethnocultural groups. By exploring the political intent and consequences of quotidian choices, this dissertation demonstrates the centrality of women in the daily and domestic negotiations over national and cultural borders during the territorial period (1850-1912) and the era of early statehood (1912-1941). Using English and Spanish-language sources, this dissertation argues that Euro-American and Spanish-Mexican women continuously used their homes, housekeeping, cultural customs, and foodways to define their new statuses in the region and negotiate the new cultural, physical, and national boundaries. Euro-Americans used their own and others’ cultural practices to maintain their whiteness and to construct Mexicans, Mexican-Americans, and American Indians as non-white and to define gender and class in the region. Simultaneously, Spanish-Mexican women negotiated the new physical, social, and cultural boundaries by asserting their cultural citizenship even though they were denied full citizenship. In the first three chapters, I study the U.S.-Mexico War and the territorial period (1846-1912) by analyzing the roles of material and food culture and the homespace in shaping each group’s constructions of whiteness, nationalism, and ethnic identity and in shaping the processes of cultural assimilation and resistance. I highlight how Euro-Americans used the newly established U.S.-Mexico border to “other” the people and practices they associated with Mexico or “savagery.” Additionally, I argue that Spanish-Mexican and Mexican American worked around gender and legal borders by engaging in trade, traveling across the international border, and inserting themselves in the political and legal activities of Euro-Americans to maintain their homespaces. In Chapters 4 and 5, I address how women across ethnocultural groups used cookbooks and historical memory to create their place in community, state, and national identities after Arizona and New Mexico were incorporated in 1912. Using literary and cultural studies approaches, I address the narrative spaces, such as cookbooks and pioneer histories, in which women across ethnocultural groups claimed a stake in the public memory and community identities. I argue that Euro-American women appropriated some Spanish cultural practices and celebrated the pioneer past while denying full citizenship to people of color. Simultaneously, I argue, Spanish-Mexican and American Indian women used cookbooks and/or oral histories to challenge narratives of their inferiority and to claim their cultural citizenship. This dissertation brings light to the persistent and continuous roles of women, the body, and the home in shaping daily politics in the region. By pushing at the edges of U.S.-Mexico borderlands history methodology to include gender studies methodology, this dissertation introduces the homespace and motherhood as gendered and raced contact zones that were sometimes used to enforce and at other times challenge U.S. territoriality. I argue that the domestic activities of women offer significant, new insight to the political narratives of settler-colonialism, gender roles, nationality, and race in the U.S.-Mexico borderlands. This dissertation moves away from overtly political acts to the seemingly “mundane” activities of cooking, dressing, and housekeeping to broaden our understanding of the connections between political behavior and cultural practices. These gendered negotiations provide a critical history of the intimate ways U.S. colonial efforts in the American Southwest played out and shaped the current dynamics of borderlands communities.

In 1863, Fort Bascom was built along the Canadian River in the Eroded Plains of Territorial New Mexico. Its unique location placed it between the Comanches of Texas and the Comancheros of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains. This post was situated within Comanchería during the height of the United States Army's war against the Southern Plains Indians, yet it has garnered little attention. This study broadens the scholarly understanding of how the United States Army gained control of the Southwest by examining the role Fort Bascom played in this mission. This includes an exploration of the Canadian River Valley environment, an examination of the economic relationship that existed between the Southern Plains Indians and the mountain people of New Mexico, and an account of the daily life of soldiers posted to Fort Bascom. This dissertation thus provides an environmental and cultural history of the Canadian River Valley in New Mexico, a social history of the men stationed at Fort Bascom, and proof that the post played a key role in the Army's efforts to gain control of the Southern Plains Indians. This study argues that Fort Bascom should be recognized as Texas' northern-most frontier fort. Its men were closer to the Comanche homeland than any Texas post of the period. Its records clearly show that the Army used Fort Bascom as a key forward base of operations against Comanches and Kiowas. An examination of Bascom's post returns, daily patrols, and major expeditions allows its history to provide a useful perspective on the nineteenth-century American Southwest.

Understanding unconventional petroleum reservoirs and HALO plays, areas outside existing production zones which are made up of thin-bedded or heterolithic intervals, has gained in importance in recent years with the continual demand for energy and the increased development of such prospects. Heterolithic units within deltaic successions host vast quantities of oil and gas that often go unexploited due to a lack of understanding of the sandstone shape, morphology and continuity within such reservoirs. The purpose of this work is to examine the thin-bedded units within the Late Cretaceous prodelta successions of the Gallup Sandstone in the Shiprock area of New Mexico in order to quantify the fundamental processes responsible for the deposition of these sands and to perform a correlation for such heterolithic deposits. Rock Ridge and Sanostee show heterolithic deposits, within parasequences 5a and 7a of the Gallup sandstone, and were analyzed, using measured sections and photomosaics, near the Shiprock area in order to compare the heterolithics in different stratigraphic settings. Five measured sections were collected at the centimeter scale in order to observe every facies change at a high resolution. Facies associations, such as tempestites, turbidites, and hyperpycnites, were used to identify dominant processes of deposition. Corresponding net-to-gross calculations yielded the sandstone percentage of each section with the result that storm-dominated beds present at Sanostee yielded the highest percentage of sand content. Two high resolution gigapan photomosaics of each heterolithic exposure were collected in order to perform a correlation of all the sandstones observed within the measured sections, across the entire exposure. Results show that dominant process of deposition varies along strike. Towards Sanostee, in the south, storm-waves are dominant while farther north rivers exert greater influence. However, the presence of large scale storm-deposited gutter casts at Sanostee has significant implications for lateral and vertical continuity of sandstones in comparison to the more tabular sandstone facies found at Rock Ridge. These guttered facies have a major impact on net-to-gross and vertical conductivity due to their high degree of amalgamation and therefore may signify important areas for prospecting in such heterolithic reservoirs. Furthermore, the presence of large scale gutters beneath a sharp-based shoreface is indicative of a Falling Stage Systems Tract, leading to the conclusion that Parasequence 7a-6d were affected by forced regression. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Beginning about A.D. 1250, the Zuni area of New Mexico witnessed a massive population aggregation in which the inhabitants of hundreds of widely dispersed villages relocated to a small number of large, architectecturally planned pueblos. Over the next century, 27 of these pueblos were constructed, occupied briefly, and then abandoned. Another dramatic settlement shift occurred about A. D. 1400, when the locus of population moved west to the "Cities of Cibola" discovered by Coronado in 1540. Keith Kintigh demonstrates how changing agricultural strategies and developing mechanisms of social integration contributed to these population shifts. In particular, he argues that occupants of the earliest large pueblos relied on runoff agriculture, but that gradually spring-and river-fed irrigation systems were adopted. Resultant strengthening of the mechanisms of social integration allowed the increased occupational stability of the protohistorical Zuni towns.

No description available.

This study, which is to provide information to a settlement over the rights to water resources in the Mesilla Basin, uses a groundwater model to estimate how pumping in the basin affects the hydrologic regime.

No description available.

Government involvement in the production and marketing of milk and dairy products is more pronounced than in any other agricultural product. The U.S. government administers two major programs that affect significantly the production and marketing of milk throughout the United States. These are the Federal Milk Marketing Order Program and the Dairy Price Support Program. In Arizona, in addition to these two major programs, the United Dairymen of Arizona Cooperative operates a base system that determines how cooperative milk revenues are allocated among producer members. This dissertation discusses some theoretical models that provide some insights into the following questions: (1) How would the dairy industry perform without the historically administered prices? (2) What are the benefits and costs associated with the order program and the base system? Then, this inquiry focuses on the Arizona and New Mexico dairy sectors. The two production sectors are quite similar, as are the marketing institutions, except for the existence of the base system in Arizona. Milk supply response in Arizona and New Mexico is investigated. Two ways in which supply adjustments can be achieved are identified and empirically investigated. (1) Creation of new dairy facilities or relocation of dairy facilities from other markets. If the decision to invest in Arizona or New Mexico is assumed as given, it is found that the existence of base system is a significant factor in explaining the location choice of new producers. (2) Expansion in output of existing dairy farms. It is found that dairy farmers in Arizona and New Mexico respond to changes in the farm level price of milk. The last effort of the empirical investigation is on the consumers' welfare losses due to the regulations of the Arizona and New Mexico dairy markets. It is found that the milk marketing orders and the policies of the UDA Cooperative in Arizona and AMPI in New Mexico, on the average, enforce a tax on Arizona's consumers of fluid milk in the amount of 10 million dollars per year, or 13.5 percent of producers' total revenue, and a tax on New Mexico's consumers of fluid milk in the amount of 5.6 million dollars per year, or 12.6 percent of producers' total revenue. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)

The purpose of this research was to see if there were technological differences in ground stone manufacturing and use from a single site that had been occupied for over 600 years, A.D. 550-A.D. 1150, and had multiple occupations that evolved over time (Late Pithouse Phases, Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle through the Classic Mimbres Period). An assessment of the ground stone assemblage was made based on a technological approach to analyzing ground stone. A general artifact code system listing attributes common in ground stone artifacts was created to use as a guide during the analysis phase. The information gathered from the examination of the ground stone assemblage was placed into a database for analysis. The site had been heavily vandalized prior to excavation and the data showed that 30.4 percent of the recovered ground stone artifacts came from this disturbed fill. Due to the disturbed context, there was not enough data recovered from undisturbed fill in the Late Pithouse units to make any substantial statements about technological change. However, an examination of the tool types within the different occupations indicates that tool types were similar from the earliest occupations, Georgetown (A.D. 550-650) to the latest, Classic Mimbres Pueblo (A.D. 1000-1150). / Graduation date: 2003

Outcrops of the Abo Formation (Wolfcampian to early Leonardian age) in the Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico record the evolution of a dry alluvial fan system as it was deposited off of the Pedernal Uplift into the Orogrande Basin. A mud-rich, upward-fining basin-fill sequence characterized by stratigraphic thickness variations of as much as 450 m (1480 ft) and contacts that range from conformable to unconformable relationships is observed in the outcrop area. Five distinctive lithologic intervals are delineated in the Sacramento Mountains, three of which are studied in detail. These three units are informally designated the lower, middle, and upper Abo intervals and are all fluvial in origin. The remaining two intervals, the Lee Ranch Tongue of the Abo Formation and the Pendejo Tongue of the Hueco Limestone, are marginal marine in origin and are restricted to the southern portion of the range. Two types of lithofacies are present in the lower, middle, and upper Abo intervals. Matrix facies represent fine-grained overbank sediments, whereas framework facies represent coarser streamflow and sheetflow deposits. Lower Abo framework facies consist of middle-fan to fan-fringe stream-channel, braided stream, and sheetflood deposits which are arranged in one or more stacked, assymetrical, upward-fining megasequences 10-50 m (33-165 ft) in thickness. Middle and upper Abo framework facies were deposited basinward of the fans and represent deposits of incised, low to moderate sinuosity ephemeral streams and associated overbank splays. Middle Abo streams exhibited an anastomosed channel pattern whereas upper Abo channels were characterized by a distributive pattern. Pedogenic and sedimentologic evidence suggests that Abo deposition was strongly influenced by a long term, semi-arid to arid climate. Lateral and vertical facies relationships indicate that the five Abo intervals were part of a northeast to southwest transverse facies tract consisting of 1) proximal alluvial fans, 2) medial anastomosed streams, and 3) distal low-gradient mud-dominated floodbasins characterized by either distributary streams or tidal flats with associated marine carbonates. The overall Abo basin-fill sequence reflects the migration of the facies tract in response to the final stages of tectonic activity and the eventual quiescence and long-term erosion, retreat (pedimentation), and onlap of the Pedernal Uplift. / text