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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Organização acústica e microespacial de agregações reprodutivas de anfíbios anuros da Mata Atlântica: competição ou confusão? / Acoustic and micro-spatial organization of reproductive anurans aggregations from Atlantic forest: competition or confusion?

Forti, Lucas Rodriguez 21 June 2013 (has links)
A competição interespecífica pode representar uma força importante na determinação da distribuição e da abundância de organismos na natureza. Comunidades naturais compostas por espécies que utilizam o mesmo recurso de forma semelhante supostamente são estruturadas pela competição interespecífica. Tal força interativa no decorrer da evolução pode ter levado à diferenciação de nicho entre os competidores no passado, sendo esse fator relevante para explicar a coexistência de espécies ecologicamente similares. As comunidades reprodutivas de anuros tropicais são caracterizadas por alta diversidade e grande sobreposição espacial de espécies, por isso representam um ótimo modelo de estudo para avaliar o papel da competição em escala local. Nessas comunidades reprodutivas a alta densidade de machos de diferentes espécies em atividade de vocalização poderia causar problemas de comunicação intraespecífica por interferência acústica. Por essa razão, considerando a hipótese de que o ambiente acústico pudesse ser partilhado, os pesquisadores vêm avaliando, na grande maioria das vezes de forma empírica, estratégias que as espécies de anuros podem empregar para reduzir a competição por canais acústicos no interior da comunidade, como a separação espectral (uso de diferentes faixas de frequência) e a diferenciação de uso espacial e/ou temporal. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho estudei agregações de anuros formadas em 16 ambientes reprodutivos de seis localidades de Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo, com o principal objetivo de testar, por meio de modelos nulos, se ocorre partilha de nicho acústico e espacial entre as espécies. Foram gravados os cantos de anúncio dos machos de cada espécie presente nos ambientes reprodutivos, e seus sítios de vocalização foram caracterizados quanto à natureza e altura do substrato. Os testes por modelos nulos não evidenciaram qualquer padrão, tanto na ocupação do ambiente acústico como na distribuição no gradiente vertical. A propriedade acústica temporal \"duração de canto\" não reduziu a sobreposição espectral das espécies no ambiente reprodutivo, e é possível que as fêmeas, da grande maioria das espécies, localizem seus parceiros em agregações heteroespecíficas com base na frequência dominante e não sofram prejuízo com a interferência acústica. Contudo, essa é uma hipótese que ainda deve ser testada dentro das agregações reprodutivas de anuros da Mata Atlântica. Os resultados, de maneira geral, corroboraram a ideia de que fatores abióticos, heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade filogenética podem ser mais importantes para explicar a ocorrência de espécies nas ricas agregações de anuros na Mata Atlântica. / Interspecific competition may represent a relevant force determining the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. Natural communities composed by species that use the same resource in a similar fashion are, supposedly, structured by interspecific competition. This interactive force in the course of evolution may have led to niche differentiation among competitors in the past, and this is a relevant factor to explain the coexistence of ecologically similar species in the same habitat. Reproductive aggregations of tropical frogs are characterized by high diversity and large spatial species overlap, therefore they represent an excellent model to evaluate the importance of competition on local scale. In these communities the high density of breeding males of different species in calling activity could cause a masking effect on intraspecific acoustic communication. Therefore, considering the hypothesis that the acoustic environment could be shared, researchers have been evaluating, in most cases empirically, strategies employed by frogs to reduce competition for acoustic channels within the community, as the spectral separation (using different frequency bands) and spatial and/or temporal segregation. In this context, this paper studied the formation of anuran reproductive aggregations in 16 aquatic breeding sites belonging to six localities in the Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo, with the main objective of testing, using null models, whether niche partitioning occurs between species, considering spectral and spatial occupancy. It were recorded the advertisement calls of males from each species present in breeding sites, and their calling sites were characterized by their nature and height of the calling substrate. Tests for null models showed absence of significant patterns both on acoustic domain and the distribution on vertical gradient. Call duration did not reduce the species spectral overlap in the breeding sites and it is possible that reproductive females locate their specific males in heterospecific aggregations based on dominant frequency and not suffer with masking effect on acoustic communication. However, this is a hypothesis that should be tested within the anuran breeding aggregations in the Atlantic forest. All results support the idea that other factors, such as abiotic conditions, environmental heterogeneity and phylogenetic diversity, may be more decisive to explain the occurrence of species in the rich aggregations of breeding frogs in the Atlantic forest.
2

Organização acústica e microespacial de agregações reprodutivas de anfíbios anuros da Mata Atlântica: competição ou confusão? / Acoustic and micro-spatial organization of reproductive anurans aggregations from Atlantic forest: competition or confusion?

Lucas Rodriguez Forti 21 June 2013 (has links)
A competição interespecífica pode representar uma força importante na determinação da distribuição e da abundância de organismos na natureza. Comunidades naturais compostas por espécies que utilizam o mesmo recurso de forma semelhante supostamente são estruturadas pela competição interespecífica. Tal força interativa no decorrer da evolução pode ter levado à diferenciação de nicho entre os competidores no passado, sendo esse fator relevante para explicar a coexistência de espécies ecologicamente similares. As comunidades reprodutivas de anuros tropicais são caracterizadas por alta diversidade e grande sobreposição espacial de espécies, por isso representam um ótimo modelo de estudo para avaliar o papel da competição em escala local. Nessas comunidades reprodutivas a alta densidade de machos de diferentes espécies em atividade de vocalização poderia causar problemas de comunicação intraespecífica por interferência acústica. Por essa razão, considerando a hipótese de que o ambiente acústico pudesse ser partilhado, os pesquisadores vêm avaliando, na grande maioria das vezes de forma empírica, estratégias que as espécies de anuros podem empregar para reduzir a competição por canais acústicos no interior da comunidade, como a separação espectral (uso de diferentes faixas de frequência) e a diferenciação de uso espacial e/ou temporal. Nesse contexto, no presente trabalho estudei agregações de anuros formadas em 16 ambientes reprodutivos de seis localidades de Mata Atlântica do estado de São Paulo, com o principal objetivo de testar, por meio de modelos nulos, se ocorre partilha de nicho acústico e espacial entre as espécies. Foram gravados os cantos de anúncio dos machos de cada espécie presente nos ambientes reprodutivos, e seus sítios de vocalização foram caracterizados quanto à natureza e altura do substrato. Os testes por modelos nulos não evidenciaram qualquer padrão, tanto na ocupação do ambiente acústico como na distribuição no gradiente vertical. A propriedade acústica temporal \"duração de canto\" não reduziu a sobreposição espectral das espécies no ambiente reprodutivo, e é possível que as fêmeas, da grande maioria das espécies, localizem seus parceiros em agregações heteroespecíficas com base na frequência dominante e não sofram prejuízo com a interferência acústica. Contudo, essa é uma hipótese que ainda deve ser testada dentro das agregações reprodutivas de anuros da Mata Atlântica. Os resultados, de maneira geral, corroboraram a ideia de que fatores abióticos, heterogeneidade ambiental e diversidade filogenética podem ser mais importantes para explicar a ocorrência de espécies nas ricas agregações de anuros na Mata Atlântica. / Interspecific competition may represent a relevant force determining the distribution and abundance of organisms in nature. Natural communities composed by species that use the same resource in a similar fashion are, supposedly, structured by interspecific competition. This interactive force in the course of evolution may have led to niche differentiation among competitors in the past, and this is a relevant factor to explain the coexistence of ecologically similar species in the same habitat. Reproductive aggregations of tropical frogs are characterized by high diversity and large spatial species overlap, therefore they represent an excellent model to evaluate the importance of competition on local scale. In these communities the high density of breeding males of different species in calling activity could cause a masking effect on intraspecific acoustic communication. Therefore, considering the hypothesis that the acoustic environment could be shared, researchers have been evaluating, in most cases empirically, strategies employed by frogs to reduce competition for acoustic channels within the community, as the spectral separation (using different frequency bands) and spatial and/or temporal segregation. In this context, this paper studied the formation of anuran reproductive aggregations in 16 aquatic breeding sites belonging to six localities in the Atlantic Forest in the state of São Paulo, with the main objective of testing, using null models, whether niche partitioning occurs between species, considering spectral and spatial occupancy. It were recorded the advertisement calls of males from each species present in breeding sites, and their calling sites were characterized by their nature and height of the calling substrate. Tests for null models showed absence of significant patterns both on acoustic domain and the distribution on vertical gradient. Call duration did not reduce the species spectral overlap in the breeding sites and it is possible that reproductive females locate their specific males in heterospecific aggregations based on dominant frequency and not suffer with masking effect on acoustic communication. However, this is a hypothesis that should be tested within the anuran breeding aggregations in the Atlantic forest. All results support the idea that other factors, such as abiotic conditions, environmental heterogeneity and phylogenetic diversity, may be more decisive to explain the occurrence of species in the rich aggregations of breeding frogs in the Atlantic forest.
3

Ecology and impacts of nonnative salmonids with special reference to brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em> Mitchill) in North Europe

Korsu, K. (Kai) 06 October 2008 (has links)
Abstract My main objectives in this thesis were to explore general patterns and mechanisms driving salmonid invasions globally and, more specifically, to examine the invasion dynamics and impacts of the North American brook trout in North European stream systems. Non-native salmonids have often spread extensively and caused many harmful impacts on their native counterparts. Among the three globally introduced salmonids, the European brown trout appeared as the 'worst' alien species (strongest impact on native fish), followed by the North American rainbow trout and brook trout. Brook trout, which is widely established in European streams, was found to be a non-aggressive species. Moreover, the growth of brown trout was unaffected by brook trout, indicating negligible interspecific interactions between the two species. Habitat niche segregation between brook trout and brown trout was evident, with brook trout occupying mainly low-velocity pool habitats, whereas brown trout resided in fast-flowing riffles. At the river-wide scale, brook trout occurred mainly in small, slightly acid headwater streams, whereas brown trout was found primarily in larger downstream river sections. Evidently, North European streams with a very low number of native fish species offer underutilized niche space for tolerant headwater specialists such as brook trout. However, the habitat niche filled by brook trout was not completely vacant, as brown trout co-occurred with brook trout in numerous small and mid-sized (3–16 m wide) streams. In these streams, brown trout reproduction was negligible presumably related to the presence of brook trout. Brook trout had also increased in density relative to brown trout during the 10-yr study period (1994 vs. 2004). Moreover, the growth rate and population densities of brook trout were high and the species had spread extensively towards the upmost headwater streams during the 10-yr study period. Thus, harmful effects on the native brown trout by brook trout are likely to occur in the core habitat of the invader, i.e. headwater streams, leaving populations of the native species unaffected elsewhere. Due to the high conservation value of the potentially impacted populations of brown trout, I strongly caution against further stocking of brook trout in European watersheds.
4

A phylogenetic perspective on fine root ecology: assessing the role of root evolution on fine root functional traits and ecological interactions in woody angiosperms.

Valverde-Barrantes, Oscar Jesus 06 December 2013 (has links)
No description available.

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