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This is a study of the Qua Iboe Mission from 1887-1945. The Mission commenced in 1887 under Samuel A. Bill in response to an invitation from the Ibeno Chiefs of the Ibeno who lived as fishermen and traders on the mud and sand flats East and West of the Qua Iboe River's mouth in South East Nigeria. It was established at Obarekan in 1888 where it continued until the Ibeno people, for the most part became Christian by 1907. Bill and Mission Headquarters moved up river to Nditea in that year, where the Mission in its outreach at Nditea failed. Bill returned to Obarekan in 1928. Bill's colleague, Bailie, settled among the Ibibio in 1894 uninvited, forcing himself upon the Ibibio with the support of the African Association traders. His missionary efforts, which were considerable, failed. Kirk's entry to Etinan, further inland in 1898 was negotiated by a leading Chief and became so successful as to establish that centre of burgeoning Christianity as the Headquarters, de facto of the Mission. It is concluded that the Mission's success was due to having been first on the scene, secured by comity arrangements and the desire of the Ibeno, Ibibio and Igbo to obtain every possible advantage for their total well-being in the new order of things. Appendices, primary and secondary sources used form the completion of this work and provide data for a critical examination of its results.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, School of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Johannesburg, October, 2017. / The purpose of this study was to examine how subsistence farmers in the Delta State of Nigeria employed their asset portfolios i.e. human, financial, social, natural and physical capitals to build their adaptive capacity and resilience to climate variability and change. The study was also interested in understanding the extent to which climate change risk communication facilitated the protection and adaptation of subsistence farmer’s assets in the face of extreme weather warnings. Primary data were obtained using the Participatory Climate Change Adaptation Appraisal (PCCAA), which comprises both the asset vulnerability analytical and the asset-based adaptation operational frameworks. The systems thinking approach, together with the asset vulnerability analytical framework were also used as an operational vulnerability framework to highlight the myriad factors undermining the rural poor from maximising their asset portfolios during food production. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews facilitated the use of the PCCAA tools. Meteorological data reinforced subsistence farmer’s perception (62%) that there has been an increase in temperature within the last decade, which have adversely affected on groundnut production. The farmers (92%) also listed heavy rainfall event and flooding as a climatic variable that impede their ability to produce cassava throughout the year. This is because their farmlands, which are generally low-lying, are always inundated for approximately four months every year. Nonetheless, the farmers still engaged in cassava production annually by adopting a strategy indigenously referred to as elelame (follow-water-go). It is important to mention that in spite of the rapidly changing climate, the subsistence farmers did not rely on Seasonal Climate Forecast (SCF) in order to determine the appropriate time to grow their food. Instead, they relied on their Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) not limited to cloud observations, croaking of frogs and peculiar sounds made by the swamp chickens. However, the farmers acknowledged that their IKS have not been as reliable as it has always been in the past decades. Nonetheless, the farmers underlined being misled by an inaccurate scientific forecast in 2013 and, a lack of trust in the source of the forecast are some of the reasons they continue to rely primarily on IKS. With climate change expected to continue occurring at unprecedented levels in Nigeria, it is crucial to build subsistence farmers trust in SCF while simultaneously not undermining the value of their IKS. This is because there is growing consensus that if subsistence farmers continue to rely on IKS alone, the key assets that play a huge role in food production will likely be eroded. This will adversely hamper households’ ability to continue obtaining the livelihood they aggressively pursue. Thus, a useful starting point will be to generate a “unified” forecast whereby SCF compensates for the limitations of farmer’s IKS. However, for the unified forecast to make meaningful contributions to the ways in which farmers produce their food and protect their assets in anticipation of an extreme weather forecast, it must be communicated through the various mediums that the farmers rely upon to receive vital pieces of information. Keywords: Indigenous knowledge systems, seasonal climate forecast, climate change risk communication, Delta State, Nigeria. / LG2018

Background: This study examines the association between place of delivery, delivery assistants and perinatal mortality in Nigeria. Previous studies have found these factors to be associated with the risk of perinatal mortality. This study therefore aims to determine the extent to which these two factors predict perinatal mortality in the Nigerian context as this information will be useful in informing health policy decisions and actions in so far as a desirable reduction in childhood mortality in Nigeria is concerned. Methods: This study uses cross sectional design through secondary analysis of the 2003 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). The variables representing place of delivery and delivery assistants have been fitted into logistic regression models to determine their association with perinatal mortality. Several other known risk factors for perinatal mortality such as maternal education and birth weight, to mention a few, have also been investigated using the logistic regression analysis. Results: 5783 live singleton births were analyzed with 194 newborns dying within the first seven days of life giving an early neonatal mortality rate (ENMR) of 33.5 per 1000 and an estimated perinatal mortality rate (PNMR) of 72.4 per 1000 live births. The results also show that place of delivery [p=0.8777] and delivery assistants [p=0.3812] are not significantly associated with perinatal mortality even after disaggregating the analysis by rural and urban areas. However being small in size at birth [AOR= 2.13, CI=1.41 – 3.21], female [AOR=0.57, CI= 0.42 – 0.77] and having a mother who practiced traditional religion [AOR= 4.37, CI= 2.31 – 8.26], were all significantly associated with perinatal mortality. Conclusions: Place of delivery and delivery assistants are not good predictors of perinatal mortality in the Nigerian context. However various limitations of the study design used such as the issue of uncontrolled confounding may have affected the findings. Nonetheless, the increased risk of perinatal deaths in small babies and the decreased risk of death among female babies are consistent with other studies and have both been attributed elsewhere to biologic mechanisms.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Management in Business and Executive Coaching February, 2017 / The expected economic growth in Africa and, in particular within Nigeria, (Ogunlesi, 2014) opens doors to more global business opportunities. This growth within the African continent also contributes towards the growth of organisational developmental practices such as executive coaching. This is because executive coaching is undoubtedly one of the fastest developmental interventions used by organisations worldwide (Bartlett, 2006). For that reason, it is imperative for organisations within the Nigerian business setting, where most executives are males, to understand possible inhibitors that could affect the formation of a coaching relationship between male executives and coaches from a different gender. Previous research on the impact of gender in a coaching relationship has found that gender plays a role when matching executives with coaches (Gray & Goregaokar, 2010). It has also been found that gender similarity of the coach and the executive increases self-awareness of the executives (Bozer, Joo & Santora, 2015). Boyce, Jackson and Neal (2010) advocate that when there is gender commonality between coaches and executives; rapport and trust are established much quicker. Therefore the main purpose of this research is to understand the role that gender and in particular, how gender stereotypes could affect the coach-matching process between female coaches and male executives in a patriarchal society like Nigeria (Nwosu, 2012). A qualitative approach was implored to uncover trends in thoughts and opinions of the participants. The researcher sought in-depth understanding of the participants and their experiences. A total of 17 (seventeen) participants were interviewed and 13 (thirteen) of those were males and to ensure triangulation, 4 (four) females were interviewed. The interviews were semi-structured and the probing questions allowed for a deeper understanding of the phenomena. The interviews were transcribed and analysed using the conventional content analysis method where each transcript was read from beginning to end and the data was read word for word to determine the initial codes. The research found that coaching is in its infancy or emerging stages in Nigeria and there are male executives who would be uncomfortable working with female coaches. Both positive and negative gender stereotypes against women surfaced in the research as key contributors to the coach-matching process. The motherly nature of women, their general warmness, their meticulousness when approaching issues, their ability to be friendly and open and the fact that women are seen as having less ego are positive gender stereotypes that would encourage male executives to secure the services of female coaches. The findings also points out the gender stereotypes that could inhibit the formation of a coaching relationship and most of these stereotypes are found to be perpetuated by the applicable religion, tradition and customs within Nigeria. / MT2017

Thesis advisor: Mary Jo Iozzio / Thesis advisor: Kenneth Himes / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

This thesis explores the connections, networks and debates that characterised Lagosian intellectual life in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, using books and pamphlets as its substrate. At least three hundred books were published or circulated in Lagos between 1874 and 1922. Who were writing and reading these books? Did they constitute a network of intellectuals? It will be argued here that those responsible for Lagosian books and pamphlets formed a heterogeneous and incohesive group, not easily defined and here called the “Lagosian intellectual network”, which included not only authors but readers and other agents of book production. This study uses Arjun Appadurai's concepts of “disjuncture” and “scapes” to analyse such a complex intellectual network and to appreciate its many dimensions and the fluidity of its relations. The thesis also argues that books should be studied as social facts in themselves: as Karin Barber suggests, more than communicating ideas, books placed their authors in the intellectual network and were sources of social capital. The Lagosian intellectual network is here re-localised in Paul Gilroy's “black Atlantic” context. The scope is widened from authorship to members of the publishing industry and to readers, while also crossing geographic, religious and ethnic boundaries. Following debates in print, this study contextualises Lagosian intellectual production within a broader print culture project that included West Africa, England, the United States and Brazil. In this way, the thesis uses Lagosian books and pamphlets to discuss what produces an intellectual. In so doing, it outlines and examines the main features of the Lagosian intellectual network, analyses the factors that motivated intellectuals to write, read and debate, and enables an understanding of Lagosian print culture as part of a complex, diverse project in which Lagosian publications were inserted within a wider Atlantic network.

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Aims: This thesis seeks to study ministry, as it is understood today in the light of the renewed ecclesiology of Vatican II, and to relate this study to the church situation in Nigeria. This thesis proposes to investigate the possible need for changes in the practices of ministries in the church in Nigeria. The study aims to articulate a theology of ministry and to critically review the growth and development of ministries in the church from the beginnings of Christianity up to the mid-second century. It will also critically review the understanding of ministry in Vatican II and post-Vatican II documents, and describe and critically analyse the development of ministries in the Nigerian church before and after Vatican II. It will suggest a way forward in the broadening and diversifying of ministries in that country by suggesting ways in which the practice of ministry may be enhanced in the local churches in Nigeria. By local churches, this writer is referring particularly to small Catholic communities or rural out-stations of the church in Nigeria. Scope: The study is undertaken in five chapters with an introduction and conclusion. Chapter One considers the theological understanding of ministry at the present time; it explains the meaning of ministry and differentiates it from other concepts such as lay apostolate and Catholic Action; it posits baptism as the foundation for ministry and outlines a theology of ministry. Chapter Two traces the origin of ministry in the New Testament and its evolution in the early church. The findings of Chapter Two will be applied in Chapters Four and Five that concentrate on the church in Nigeria. Chapter Three focuses on the understanding of ministry at the Second Vatican Council and in post-conciliar documents. This chapter analyses and summarises the teachings in the documents concerning ministry, which will later be applied to the church in Nigeria. Chapter Four traces the development and organisation of ministry in Nigeria before and after Vatican II within the framework of chapters one to three. The chapter begins with a sketch history of the church in Nigeria and proceeds to highlight the present organisation of ministry in Nigeria. Chapter Five proposes a broadening and diversifying of ministries in the church in Nigeria. It considers the significance of the local communities and how a broadening and diversification of ministries would help the progress and growth of these communities. Conclusions: There has been a shift in the Catholic theology of ministry and the central idea in the theology of ministry is the church in which all members are participants in diverse ways in the various responsibilities of the community. The historical overview of the New Testament times highlighted the arrangement of ministries in the early church. Ministries existed according to the needs of the local community. The ministerial arrangement of the first century of the church was stifled by the emergence of the threefold ministry of bishops, priests and deacons. Vatican II offered the basis of a renewal for the church in matters of ministries. The Council presented a renewed understanding of the church in terms of mystery, Body of Christ, sacrament, communion and, above all, people of God. This new understanding of the church demands a new approach to ministries in the church. This study concludes that the communal dimension of the church stressed by the Council should prevail in Nigeria. The ordained ministry dominates in the church in Nigeria. In the local church situation, the catechist is looked upon as the spiritual leader of the community who collaborates with other members to meet the various needs of the community. These people are hardly literate, yet they provide the essential leadership that is needed for the community. But they are not able to lead the community in the Eucharist because they have not been given the power. From this we conclude that catechists should be empowered with ordination to the priesthood that will enable them more effectively to fulfil the pastoral responsibilities they already have. In the provision of a higher quality of ministry in rural churches, the ordination of catechists would playa big part. Other lay people should be allowed and encouraged to function as acolytes, lectors, eucharistic ministers and in other capacities in the local churches. The rapid growth of the church in Nigeria demands the emergence and encouragement of new ministries in parishes and out-stations to meet the needs of the people.

This thesis examines the process of gradual political centralisation in Nigeria from the colonial period until today. It argues that since the formation of Nigeria in 1914, there has not been an effective state administrative structure in the governing of the nation. Pre-independence Nigeria (1888-1960) was characterised by a flawed structure put in place by the British colonial administration and the changes implemented by the successive military regimes and associated constitutional developments that followed independence have not changed the underlying problems established during this period. Traditional approaches to political decentralisation in developing countries generally involve delegation, devolution and deconcentration. However, the role of traditional institutions in a decentralised governance structure is not always made explicit. Rather the potential roles of traditional institutions are assumed to be part of the local administrative system (e.g. l ocal governments). As a result, they are defined as part of the governance process. This limits applicability of these models to a country as ethnically diverse as Nigeria. The central argument put forward in this thesis is that an ideal decentralised administrative system is practicable in Nigeria only if the traditional institutions actively participate in the governance of the country. However, a review of the administrative system for the period 1914-2005 shows that the powers of the traditional institutions have been eroded over time. The thesis concludes by proposing a model for decentralising the complex administrative structure of Nigeria through 'institutional reconciliation'. The model follows previous approaches, but proposes a separation of the traditional institutions from both the administrative and governmental units (federal, state and local government). The thesis argues that the legitimacy of policies undertaken by any of the government units rests on these policies being consistent with et hnic, religious and cultural beliefs. It proposes one means of putting in place such a form of 'institutional reconciliation' while highlighting the potential problems that may also result.