This thesis presents a reassessment of historical change in Nigeria and its relationship with economic performance. Situated within the context of recent debates on the country's agricultural 'crisis', it finds the contributions structured within the political economy tradition to be analytically deficient and factually inaccurate. Using Marx's method of historical analysis, a more coherent and e£fective study of social change is presented which refutes the stagnationist slant evident in Radical Political Economy perspectives. Transformations in the structure of property relations and the level of productive forces are highlighted in various contexts, as well as the contradictions they embody. A case study, based on extensive fieldwork is used to assess the implications of the depicted changes for rural reproduction. A process of social differentiation is revealed which confers cumulative advantages to a segment of the peasantry. The sources of this differentiation and the relationship it expresses and generates, linked to wider histc>rical processes, together portendithe emergence of capitali~m. The dynamic consequences of capitalist transformation in Nigerian agriculture- the potential provided for accumulation and productivity increases, are however found to be retarded by powerful forces exogenous to the agrarian structure. An assessment of the macroeconomic contours of capitalist development in Nigerian agriculture identifies the constraining features to agricultural growth to consist mainly of internal factors aqd policies, rather than structural constraints deriving from international trade relations. A brief examination of contemporary debates on economic policy reforms is found to provide an insufficient basis for unguarded optimism regarding the potential for long-term agricultural growth.

The issue of boarding education at secondary level has been one of controversy in Nigeria at least throughout the period since Independence. From 1960 onwards the various authorities charged with the provision of secondary schooling have had to relate the educational legacies of colonialism, including the English boarding school model, to the needs and demands of a newly emerging and economically diversifying country. This thesis is therefore concerned inter alia to identify the influences, characteristics and problems of secondary boarding schools in Nigeria, and especially in the Eastern States of that country. It attempts first to identify significant formative influences through an historical/ documentary study, and then to ascertain empirically contemporary attitudes and perceptions of the various parties to the provision and operation of such schools today. In so doing, aspects such as organisation, administration, management, discipline, values, routine, facilities and infrastructure are described and discussed. The thesis has twelve chapters, organised in three parts: Part A comprises six chapters dealing with the identification of the problem and contributing factors. Chapters One and 2 Two outline the environmental and educational context. Chapter Three illustrates the history and nature of the problem, whilst Chapter Four provides an explanation of the research context. Chapter Five reviews some previous research on boarding and Chapter Six is a consideration of the nature and development of the most influential model, the English Public School. Part B, the development and nature of boarding in the study area deals mainly with aspects of the history and character of boarding schools in Nigeria and especially in the Eastern States. So Chapter Seven is concerned with the long period up to and including the Nigerian civil war, which ended in 1970. Chapter Eight reviews the post-war situation which is given a more detailed focus by Chapter Nine, an account of a preliminary field survey carried out by the writer in 1981. Part C of the thesis is concerned with the current attitudes of the various parties as ascertained by the writer's main empirical exercise, that is to say staff, students and parents. Chapter Ten describes the empirical methods selected and used, and is followed by Chapter Eleven which is a detailed account of the findings. Chapter Twelve 1S a discussion of the results obtained. The thesis concludes with a summary, and recommendations for improving provision in this sector, e~ecially in respect of the quality of facilities and staffing. 3 The Study confirmed what was generally assumed and suspected: that boarding school arrangements in the Eastern States of Nigeria continue to be in very high demand more than 25 years after Independence. The main conclusion was that parents, school authorities, members of the public and students, in general prefer bo~rding to day schools at this level despite the severe problems of plant and staff quality that are very evident. The thesis concludes with a number of alternative strategies, recommendations and comments aimed at improving the condition and provision in this sector of schooling. It is clearly not just a matter of improving physical facilities, there is urgent need for a clarification of the objectives of such provision in modern Nigeria as well as for suitable staff development programmes that will assist their realisation.

This study examines the rationales underlying state creation in Nigeria. Specifically, the study addresses significant political, economic, and socio-cultural issues considered to be the rationales behind the creation of states in Nigeria. Dependency theory was applied to determine whether state creation is: (a) a viable public policy tool to promote much needed good governance in a country whose ethnic groupings number 374; (b) tied to rapid economic development of a nation whose population falls mostly below the poverty line; and (c) reduces ethnic strife and eliminates religious tensions in a country rife with such conflicts. The study found that the continued colonial-type government policies that has created thirty-six states out of the original three, failed to allay minority fears of domination by the larger ethnic groupings; has failed to deliver rapid economic development as envisioned or bring the people closer to the government; and has failed to stem incessant demands for state creation from minority enclaves seeking relief from majority domination. A major recommendation of the study is replacing calls for more stales with calls for quality leadership that is free from corruption but based on grassroot empowerment.

This document examines the musical performance practices of the Igbo Jews of Abjua, Nigeria. Amongst the 50 million Igbo, an estimated 5,000 are currently practicing Judaism. Despite prior research conducted by Daniel Lis (2015), William Miles (2013), Shai Afsai (2013), Edith Bruder (2012), and Tudor Parfitt (2013), there is little to no discussion of the role of music in this community. This study of the musical practices of the Igbo Jews of Nigeria reveals that the Igbo combine traditional Nigerian practice with modern Jewish and Christian elements. This combination of practices has led to the development of new traditions in an effort to maintain a shared sense of individualized Jewish identity and unity in a time of persecution and violence towards the Igbo from terrorist organizations. This study demonstrates that the Igbo Jews view the creation of this new music as serving to rejuvenate their Jewish identity while preserving Igbo traditions. The analysis draws upon theories of Eric Hobsbawm, Philip Bohlman and Alejandro Madrid to explain Igbo practice. Data includes material gathered from fieldwork conducted in the summer of 2014 in Abuja and in the cities of Kubwa and Jikwoyi. My observations focused on the musical properties of the Shabbat prayers and zmirot (para-liturgical table songs). While the Igbo are often considered one of "the lost tribes of Israel," my research indicates that "lost" is not so "lost" as previously believed.

INTRODUCTION: In sub-Saharan Africa, access to care during pregnancy and child birth is an abiding challenge for many women. Many women face socioeconomic, cultural, and physical barriers while attempting to access healthcare facilities during pregnancy. These barriers often result in women accessing healthcare facilities after life-threatening complications develop, ultimately leading to high rates of maternal mortality. In Nigeria, several locally endemic diseases, such as malaria and HIV, impinge on population health. Having access to care during pregnancy provides an opportunity for prompt diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of common endemic disease. This dissertation focused on access to care during pregnancy in Nigeria by using two indicators: malaria parasitemia and Cesarean-section (CS). Therefore, this dissertation had two overarching goals. The first was to estimate the prevalence of malaria parasitemia during pregnancy and to determine maternal risk factors associated with high malaria parasitemia in Enugu State, Nigeria. The second was to establish the incidence of CS and to determine the socioeconomic and medical risk factors that are associated with having a CS among women in Enugu State, as well as in Nigeria as a whole. METHODS: Secondary analyses of two unique datasets––Healthy Beginnings Initiative (HBI) and the Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)––were conducted. The HBI cohort study took place in Enugu State, Nigeria. The prevalence of peripheral malaria parasitemia in Enugu State was established within the context of HBI. Malaria parasitemia was scored according to the Malaria Plus System (0 to ++++). For this dissertation those in the 0 and + group were classified as low having parasitemia; while those in the ++ and +++ groups were classified as having high parasitemia. Person-level maternal risk factors that were associated with high malaria parasitemia were estimated using crude and adjusted logistic regression modeling with malaria parasitemia as the main outcome. The incidence of CS in Enugu State was also estimated within context of the HBI cohort. Socioeconomic and medical risk factors associated with having a CS in Enugu State, Nigeria were estimated. To investigate the extent to which the findings from the HBI represent the rates of CS in Nigeria as a whole, the Nigerian DHS was utilized. The Nigerian DHS was a cross-sectional study that was conducted throughout Nigeria. The incidence of CS in all of Nigeria was estimated. Socioeconomic and medical risk factors associated with having a CS were also investigated. Crude and adjusted logistic regression models with CS as the main outcome are presented. Weights were applied to all analyses conducted with the DHS to make the data representative at the county level. RESULTS: Over 99% of women in the HBI study tested positive for peripheral malaria parasitemia. For each additional person in the household, a 6% lower odds of high malaria parasitemia was found (p<0.05). Regarding CS, analyses of both datasets indicated that Nigeria has relatively low rates of CS compared to the World Health Organization's recommendations. In the HBI, 7.2% of women in Enugu State, Nigeria had a CS. Significantly lower odds of having a CS were observed among women who live in a rural setting compared to those who reside in an urban setting (p<0.05). Percentages of CS increased significantly as maternal age and/or education increased. HBI results demonstrated 53% higher odds of having a CS if participants had high malaria parasitemia compared to those with lower malaria parasitemia (p<0.05). Results of the DHS yielded even lower rates of CS with only 2.3% of women in Nigeria overall having had a CS during their last delivery. Consistent with analysis for Enugu State, in the DHS women living in rural areas had significantly lower odds of having a CS than those living in urban areas (p<0.05). Likewise, religion was significantly associated with having had a CS; Muslim women had 54% lower odds of having a CS compared to Catholics (p<0.05). Women who had health insurance and women who received prenatal care from a skilled birth attendant had increased odds of having a CS compared to women who did not have insurance and received no prenatal care (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.78: 95%CI 1.18-2.67, p<0.05; aOR 3.00: 1.51-5.96, p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Based on the high prevalence of malaria among women in the HBI study, education on best practices to prevent malaria during pregnancy, and resources in support of these practices are urgently needed. Likewise, low rates of CS in both Enugu State and across Nigeria indicate that Nigerian women may not have adequate access to obstetric care during delivery. Results from this dissertation also indicate that Nigerian women face barriers in obtaining adequate perinatal healthcare, ultimately perpetuating the cycle of high maternal mortality and gross health deficiencies that are common to Nigerian women.

The Yoruba people are scattered all over West Africa. In Nigeria where they predominate, they form the political unit of what is now Western Nigeria, and it is this area the writer has in mind in writing about the Yoruba social system. The people of Ilorin and Kabba provinces in Northern Nigeria also belong to the Yoruba group, but administratively they have witnessed the rule of the Fulani Moslem Emirs for more than a century. [...]

The thesis has been divided into five chapters. The three central chapters reflect paradigmatic shifts in Nigerian historiography. During the colonial era, although a few texts written by Nigerians entered the published literature, most writing was produced by non-Africans, anthropologists and colonial administrators, for the purpose of social investigation and control. With the establishment of Nigerian universities in 1948, academic historians, fuelled by the desire for independence, reclaimed their discipline to write local and national political histories. Encouraged by the concerns of the North American feminist movement of the 1970s, women gained an increasing presence in research and literature. / Contrary to earlier arguments, categories for representations of women in history coexist in time. There are periods such as the nationalist era, in which women are almost invisible. When women are present in the literature, however, they are seen both in complementary power relationships with men in certain economic areas, such as trading, and in other areas, such as taxation, subject to male power. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

No description available.

Geophysical, hydrochemical and hydrogeological investigations were undenaken to evaluate the groundwater prospects in the study area. The factors which affect/determine the spatial development of ground water in the area was also examined. The results show that the essential conditions for groundwater availability in hard rock terrains are satisfied. The average weathering depth is 34 m, rainfall is high and seasonal and the geological evolutionary sequence included tectonic phases during which suitable geological structures are expected to have been developed. Analysis of borehole drilling records revealed that each borehole encountered at least one water strike. The clay mineral stable in the prevailing physico-chemical conditions is kaolinite, an evidence that weathering sites are being flushed presumably by flowing groundwater. Available results of isotope analysis also show that the stable isotope concentration in the groundwater is similar to that of current meteoric water. It is therefore concluded that the ground water is receiving current recharge. Infact water balance calculations and results of baseflow analysis indicate that this recharge is substantial. The yields of the boreholes varied greatly spatially ranging between 0.7 and 10.9 I/s. This may be low compared with values quoted for sedimentary rock terrains, but in view of the present low level of water supply in the area, it is considered that exploitation of this resource would represent a significant improvement on the present situation. A physical catchment hydrogeological model is presented to explain the observed spatial variation in yields. In this model, a threshold elevation is considered to exist in each catchment. At elevations below this threshold, borehole yield is sustained entirely by fracture flow. At elevations above this threshold, borehole yield is sustained by storage in the weathered rocks. Pumping tests on large diameter wells show that groundwater abstration using these wells would be greatly improved by repeated pumping after every 60 - 80 minutes recovery. An equation is presented for calculating the number of times a well can be repeatedly pumped in an operating day. The drawdown of the boreholes contained a large well loss component. This well loss was incurred during the early stages of pumping when water had to be withdrawn from well storage to supplement the aquifer flow in order to meet the pumping capacity. Field results presented indicated that the drawdown can be minimised by stepping the discharge rather than imposing it all at once at the onset of pumping. Field results indicate that the use of well water levels for mapping the water table may not be valid in weathered hard rocks.

The interest for this research developed from the researcher's observation of host countries' policies (particularly developing countries) towards foreign direct investments. Available literature identify five main categories (though not mutually distinguishable) of host country policies: expropriatory, regulatory, receptive, promotional, and open-door policies. In this research, we are concerned with regulatory (control) policies. The response of MNCs to regulatory policies is identified to comprise of two stages: initial behaviour to 'conflict' (the policy), and the exploitation of (ownership) advantages. An MNC's initial behaviour could be competitive, collaborative, accommodative, compromising, or avoidant. Where the MNC adopts a compromising behaviour, bargaining as a means of resolving the 'conflict' is pursued. Whether this takes place or not in resolving the 'conflict', the MNC is likely to look back (assess) on what its ownership advantages are, vis-a-vis the host-country's location advantages, and then act on the basis of this assessment. Nigeria, like any other host country has economic policies, some of which affect MNCs. These include the Business Permit / Immigration Act, 1963; the Companies Decree, 1968; the Nigerian Enterprises Promotion Decrees, 1972 and 1977; the Local Sourcing Policy; etc. This research considers the factors influencing the response of MNCs to three of these policies: indigenization of ownership; nigerianization of management; and the local sourcing of raw materials. Four host-country characteristics and five MNC characteristics were hypothetically chosen as influential in the firms' response to each of the policies. The host country characteristics are: Nigeria's market attractiveness, availability of needed raw materials in Nigeria, availability of required human resources in Nigeria, and competition in the firm's industry in Nigeria. The MNC characteristics are: the firm's technological intensity, export intensity, complexity of managerial and operational tasks, size, and age. The major research findings are: (a) Most of the firms in the sample were collaborative in their behaviour in all the policies. (b) The most important (actually, the only) host country characteristic that significantly influenced the response of firms to the policies was Nigeria's market attractiveness. (c) The most important MNC characteristic that influenced the firms' response to the policies was their technology. (d) Contrary to popular opinion, this research found that important MNC characteristics encouraged or made firms to remain in Nigeria as well as comply with government policy, rather than making them arrogant or delay compliance. (e) All the firms in the study indicated that they had complied with the policies. Survey results were complemented with case studies. And the findings from the cases support all the above.