Thesis--Wisconsin. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-90).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1940. / Typescript. Includes abstract and vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [64]-66).

Planting of elderberry in Czech Republic, unlike abroad, do not reflect its importance. It correspond with lack of literary resources. The thesis is focused on monitoring of pathogens of genus Sambucus. The list and description of diseases and pests originators is presented. In years 2012 and 2013 in locality Botanical gardens and arboretum Mendel University in Brno and in Veleboř was monitored elderberry diseases and pests occurrence. On both localities was registered only light occurence of fungus Cercospora depazeoides (Desm.) Sacc. (1878) and aphid Aphis (Aphis) sambuci and on locality Veleboř the thrips, probably Thrips sambuci. During monitoring period dry weather dominated and for these reason the infection was rather slight, protective measures was not done.

Thesis advisor: Michael A. McDannald / Thesis advisor: John P. Christianson / The ability to accurately evaluate and respond to threats is vital to survival. Disruptions in neural circuits of fear give rise to maladaptive threat responding, and have clinical implications in fear and anxiety disorders. To better inform therapeutic interventions, it is imperative that roles for regions classically associated with fear continue to be refined, and that novel nodes are incorporated into what is most certainly a larger fear circuit. In the canonical view, threat estimates are generated at the level of the amygdala and sent to the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG), which organizes an appropriate behavioral response, most notably freezing. Despite a multitude of studies successfully linking the vlPAG and Pavlovian fear behavior, evidence of a direct neural correlate for fear expression in the vlPAG is lacking. By contrast, a role for the caudal substantia nigra (cSN) in fear, stands apart from its canonical associations with movement and reward processes. Although there is new interest in examining a role for the nigra in fear modulation, this is essentially an uncharted area of discovery. The goals of this dissertation are three-fold. First, to propose a role for vlPAG activity in threat estimation, a function previously restricted to the upstream amygdala. Second, to scrutinize vlPAG neural activity using a novel multi-cue Pavlovian procedure and identify the long-anticipated, direct neural correlate for fear expression. Third, to present causal evidence supporting the cSN as a potential node in a circuit that most certainly extends beyond regions canonically associated with fear. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2021. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Psychology.

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Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacognosy Candidate: Lenka Applová Consultant: doc. Dr. Jiřina Spilková, CSc. Microscopy of Sambuci fructus from cultivars of Sambucus nigra Sambucus nigra L. is the important plant of the traditional folk medicine, its knowledge is accepted in the pharmaceutical and food industry. The elderberry fruits are used as diaphoretic, diuretic, during the migraine and neurological difficulties. On the grounds of the rising demand the collection of the wild-growing berries do not suffice and that is the reason for growing the elderberry and its cultivated varieties in plantations. The cultivated varieties of elderberry, which are grown for the use of the fruits in the food industry, could be exactly provided the quality drug for pharmaceutical use. The thesis is focused on the research of the microscopic characteristics of the elderberries fruits wild-growing elderberry and its cultivated varieties Allesö, Bohatka, Haschberg, Mamut, Sambo, Sambu, Samdal, Sampo, Samyl and Weihenstephan, which originated from the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd. The berries of the wild- growing elderberry were obtained in the Botanical Garden of Medicinal Herbs of Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové. The...

The fruits of elderberry - Sambuci fructus are used in the pharmaceutical and food industry. Fruits contain anthocyanins and flavonoids in addition to cyanogenic glycoside sambunigrin, organic acids, vitamins, sugars. Fruits from cultivated varieties are not used in pharmaceutically yet. The content of anthocyanins in the fruits of Sambucus nigra L. varieties Alessö, Bohatka, Haschberg, Mammut, Sambo, Sambo, Samdal, Sampo, Samyl, Weihenstephan and wild elderberry was determined by spectrophotometry. The amount of anthocyanins was recalculated for dried fruits and expressed by percentage of cyanidin chloride. Cultivated varieties shown lower values of anthocyanins than wild elderberry excerpt for Samyl variety. Statistically significant differences were found between contents of anthocyanins of varieties.

1. Abstract Purpose of this thesis was to prove and determine antioxidant activity of flower extracts from black elder (Sambucus nigra L.) and compile summary of their content substances and effects. Sambuci flos is often used in natural therapy and food industry. The main content substances are flavonoids, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, further are contained in flowers sterols, mucilage, essential oils, tannins. Flavonoids are the most significant, specifically rutin and kvercetin, because they can show antioxidant, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Flowers are used mainly for their diuretic, diaforetic, expectorant, analgetic effects. Method DPPH (2,2-difenyl-1- pikrylhydrazyl) was used for determination antioxidant activity of methanolic flower extracts. Results of antioxidant activity were expressed as IC50 values (concentration of extract which causes 50% reduction of radical). The average observed IC50values were 0,79 mg/ml and 0,83 mg/ml. The individual IC50values have changed fluently during development of flowers, they range from 1,086 mg/ml and 0,701 mg/ml in both collections. Deviations can be caused by ongoing synthesis of the secondary metabolites.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Boston University / PLEASE NOTE: Boston University Libraries did not receive an Authorization To Manage form for this thesis or dissertation. It is therefore not openly accessible, though it may be available by request. If you are the author or principal advisor of this work and would like to request open access for it, please contact us at open-help@bu.edu. Thank you. / The overall goal of this dissertation was to determine the role of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in regulating the release of dopamine in the substantia nigra (SN). Experiments first established the existence of a direct connection between subthalamic neurons and SN dopaminergic cells. Further experiments showed that this connection triggers the dopamine release in the SN, and the mechanisms involved in this release were determined. Whole-cell current clamp recordings were performed in parasagittal brain slices obtained from 10 to 16 day-old rat pups. Electrical stimulations of the STN reliably triggered excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in dopaminergic neurons of the SN pars compacta (SNc). Pharmacological experiments with specific receptor antagonists indicated that this EPSP was mediated by NMDA, non-NMDA and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Stimulations of the subthalamic input triggered the release of dopamine. In a subset of neurons in the SN pars reticulata (SNr), repetitive stimulations of the STN produced a summating EPSP that was followed by an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP). A D2 receptor antagonist blocked this IPSP suggesting that it represents the D2 receptor-mediated response of the recorded cell to dopamine released upon stimulation of the STN. Pharmacological experiments using this assay indicated that NMDA, non-NMDA or metabotropic glutamate receptors were individually not required for dendritic release of dopamine; however, each contributed to this release. In dopaminergic neurons located in the SN pars compacta, the inhibitory effect of dopamine was revealed following block of L-type Ca channels, NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. These results indicated that dopaminergic neurons located both in the SNc and SNr respond to the dendritic release of dopamine triggered upon stimulations of the STN. Finally, a specific blocker of the dopamine transporter (GBR12935) blocked the IPSP reversibly in both SNr and SNc dopaminergic neurons. If release occurred by exocytosis, block of the transporter should increase extracellular levels of dopamine and produce an increase in the size of the recorded IPSP. Therefore, these results suggest that dopamine dendritic release triggered by activation of the subthalamic input was mediated by reversed transport of dopamine rather than by exocytosis. / 2031-01-01

Thesis (M. Phil.)--University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-116).