Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Eliane Cristina Lopes Soares.pdf: 6358043 bytes, checksum: 6a94cfffcbc2694f09533996fd165f53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-07 / This paper aims to discuss the importance of the family and crony in the constitution of the marajoara society, emphasizing the networks of relationships that gave rise. In the formation of the colonial society and its subsequent consolidation settled solidarities and tensions around the issue of access to land, obtaining favors public office, the struggles for labor force, among other situations, which had as central element the favoring of the family groups or their next of kin. Understand the importance of these networks is essential, as are the bases of policy positions and economic that created a safety net and tried to benefit or to favor relatives, kin or spiritual. In small uprisings, insubordinations or simply opening a will perceive the relationship influencing decisions and behaviors. Care about the entities was expressed even when they were not legally constituted, especially in the final moments of life of the individual who has at last acknowledged in their wills or letters of affiliation. The feeling of belonging to this or that family often contributed to the applicant's choice of godfathers of certain families, which created, in turn, a host of kindred that increased the minimum, the status of a particular individual in the local social group. Not always have many godchildren and cronies can accounted for, if we might just as policy-making, however, the societies of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the symbol of power was also associated with social status, visibility among others. The expansion of the family, through marriage or sponsorship system means having to turn to, even if not economically or politically, but simply as an ally and kinsman / O presente trabalho tem como principal objetivo discutir a importância da família e do compadrio na constituição da sociedade marajoara, enfatizando as redes de relações que ensejaram. Na formação da sociedade colonial e sua posterior consolidação estabeleceram-se solidariedades e tensões em torno da questão do acesso à terra, da obtenção de mercês, cargos públicos, das disputas pela mão-deobra, dentre outras situações, às quais tiveram como elemento central o favorecimento dos grupos familiares ou de seus aparentados. Compreender a importância dessas redes é fundamental, à medida que, estão na base de posicionamentos políticos e econômicos criando uma rede de proteção que tentava beneficiar ou privilegiar os parentes, consangüíneos ou espirituais. Em pequenos levantes, insubordinações ou na simples abertura de um testamento percebemos o parentesco influenciando decisões e comportamentos. O cuidado em torno dos entes era expresso até mesmo quando estes não eram legalmente constituídos, principalmente nos momentos finais da vida do indivíduo, que acaba por reconhecer os seus em testamentos ou cartas de perfilhação. O sentimento de pertencimento a esta ou aquela família muitas vezes contribuiu para a escolha recorrente de padrinhos de determinadas famílias, os quais criavam, por sua vez, um séquito de aparentados que ampliavam, no mínimo, o status de determinado indivíduo no grupo social local. Nem sempre ter muitos afilhados e compadres representou poder, se considerarmos o poder apenas como tomada de decisões políticas, entretanto, nas sociedades do século XVIII e XIX, símbolo de poder também estava associado à distinção social, visibilidade entre os demais. A ampliação dos laços familiares, através de casamentos ou do sistema de apadrinhamento significava ter com quem contar, mesmo que não fosse economicamente ou politicamente, mas simplesmente como aliado e parente

Cette thèse porte sur les rôles sociaux des réjouissances populaires dans les communautés rurales francophones de l’Amérique du Nord entre les années 1770 et 1870. Elle aborde le sujet de la fête en dirigeant plus précisément son regard sur la festivité. L’objectif principal est de mettre en lumière comment les festivités, que nous appelons réjouissances populaires, influencent le fonctionnement des sociétés francophones nord-américaines. Quels rôles les réjouissances populaires jouent-elles dans la vie sociale des habitants de ces sociétés? Quels impacts ont-elles sur les identités individuelles et collectives? Conservent-elles les mêmes caractéristiques d’une société à l’autre ou s’adaptent-elles à des environnements et à des contextes différents? Comment se développent-elles et évoluent-elles au fil du temps? Quels sont les éléments qui influencent leur évolution? Afin de répondre à ces questions, l’accent est mis sur l’étude de certaines réjouissances populaires au sein de quatre populations rurales d’origine française, c’est-à-dire les habitants de la vallée du Saint-Laurent, de la région de Détroit, du Pays des Illinois et de la Louisiane (plus précisément les habitants d’origine acadienne). En se fondant sur des monographies publiées, des manuscrits personnels, de la correspondance ecclésiastique, de la littérature de fiction et des travaux de folkloristes, chacun des cinq chapitres représente une étude de cas qui permet de montrer comment les réjouissances populaires sont influencées par le contexte dans lequel les habitants vivent et comment la sociabilité festive intervient dans la construction de différentes identités sociales, c’est-à-dire des identités de race, de genre et de classe. Dans le premier chapitre, le regard porté sur les noces des Canadiens et des Louisianais d’origine acadienne à la fin du XVIIIe siècle et au milieu du XIXe siècle fait ressortir que la nourriture, la boisson, la musique et la danse sont très présentes, mais surtout que ces festivités sont le théâtre de nombreux rites de passage s’adressant au nouveau couple, et souvent plus particulièrement à l’épouse, qui permettent à la communauté de contrôler la reconnaissance et l’officialisation de leur union sociale et sexuelle. Dans le deuxième et le troisième chapitre, l’analyse de la guignolée, de l’Épiphanie et surtout du carnaval au Canada, à Détroit ainsi que dans les villages du Pays des Illinois permet de montrer que cette période festive est influencée par le climat hivernal des colonies nordiques et qu’elle demeure un moment fort de la vie sociale des habitants. Elle est, entre autres, synonyme, dans les trois régions, de rencontres, de soupers et de bals au cours desquels les habitants déterminent ceux qui ont le droit de se fréquenter, c’est-à-dire des jeunes issus du même rang social, et ceux qui font partie intégrante de leur communauté et ceux qui en sont exclus, c’est-à-dire des habitants plus démunis (vallée du Saint-Laurent) ou des Noirs et des Autochtones (Pays des Illinois). Dans le quatrième chapitre, l’étude de l’évolution de la culture dominicale des Louisianais d’origine acadienne met en lumière comment, malgré le succès, au fil du temps, de l’Église catholique dans ses tentatives d’imposer la sanctification de cette journée, les bals de maison perdurent, en étant transférés au samedi, et participent à la construction de l’identité raciale de cette population. Dans le dernier chapitre, l’examen de l’évolution des réjouissances de la plantation du mai expose l’efficacité des rapports de réciprocité pour solidifier et renforcer la hiérarchie sociale dans les campagnes canadiennes, c’est-à-dire entre les habitants et un membre de l’élite locale (seigneur ou capitaine de milice). Cette thèse contribue à enrichir l’historiographie de la fête en Amérique française qui aborde très peu le sujet des réjouissances populaires rurales sous l’angle de la sociabilité festive. Elle montre que ces réjouissances sont intimement liées aux aspects contextuels de chacune des quatre régions étudiées, c’est-à-dire la démographie, la présence d’autres groupes ethniques, le climat, la géographie, les rapports genrés, l’économie, la situation politique et la hiérarchie sociale. Les habitants francophones des milieux ruraux adaptent leurs réjouissances populaires aux particularités de leur société, mais elles préservent tout de même, parfois jusqu’aux années 1870, leurs fonctions régulatrices de reproduction des hiérarchies sociales, économiques, genrées et raciales. En d’autres mots, elles sont un outil permettant à ces francophones, non seulement d’affirmer leur identité d’origine française, mais aussi d’identifier clairement les personnes qui peuvent ou qui ne peuvent pas se réclamer de cette identité et les inégalités qui sont produites à l’intérieur de ce processus. / This thesis focuses on the social roles of popular celebrations in rural French-speaking communities of North America between 1770 and 1870. It approaches the subject of festivals by looking more precisely at the festivity. The main objective is to highlight how the festivities, which we call popular celebrations, influence the functioning of North American francophone societies. What roles do popular celebrations play in the social life of the inhabitants of these societies? What impacts do they have on individual and collective identities? Do they retain the same characteristics from one society to another or do they adapt to different environments and contexts? How do they develop and evolve over time? What are the elements that influence their evolution? In order to answer these questions, the focus is on studying certain popular celebrations among four rural populations of French origin, namely the inhabitants of the St. Lawrence Valley, the Detroit region, the Illinois Country and Louisiana (more specifically, the inhabitants of Acadian origin). Based on published monographs, personal manuscripts, church correspondence, fictional literature and the work of folklorists, each of the five chapters represents a case study that shows how popular celebrations are influenced by the context in which people live and how festive sociability is involved in the construction of different social identities, such as those relating to race, gender and class. In the first chapter, a look at the weddings of Canadians and Louisianans of Acadian origin in the late 18th and mid-19th centuries reveals that food, drink, music and dance are very much in evidence, but above all that these festivities are the scene of many rites of passage for the new couple, and often more particularly for the wife, allowing the community to control the recognition and formalization of their social and sexual union. In the second and third chapters, the analysis of the guignolée, Epiphany and especially the carnival in Canada, Detroit and the villages of the Illinois Country shows that this festive period is influenced by the winter climate of the northern colonies and that it remains a key moment in the social life of the inhabitants. Among other things, it is synonymous in all three regions with meetings, dinners and balls during which residents determine who has the right to court with whom, that is, young people of the same social rank, and those who are an integral part of their community and those who are excluded from it, that is, poorer residents (St. Lawrence Valley) or Blacks and Indigenous people (Illinois Country). In the fourth chapter, the study of the evolution of the Sunday culture of Louisianans of Acadian origin highlights how, despite the success, over time, of the Catholic Church in its attempts to impose the sanctification of this day, house balls persist, being transferred to Saturdays, and contribute to the construction of this population’s racial identity. In the last chapter, an examination of the evolution of the May Day celebrations shows the effectiveness of reciprocal relationships in reinforcing and strengthening the social hierarchy in rural Canada, that is, between country people and a member of the local elite (seigneur or militia captain). This thesis enriches the existing historiography of festival in French America, which hardly addresses the subject of rural popular celebrations from the perspective of festive sociability. It shows that these celebrations are closely linked to the contextual aspects of each of the four regions studied, i.e. the demography, the presence of other ethnic groups, the climate, the geography, the gender relations, the economy, the political situation and the social hierarchy. Francophone inhabitants of rural areas adapt their popular celebrations to the particularities of their society, but those celebrations still preserve, sometimes until the 1870s, their regulatory functions of reproducing social, economic, gender and racial hierarchies. In other words, they are a tool that allows these Francophones not only to affirm their identity of French origin, but also to clearly identify the people who can or cannot claim this identity and the inequalities that are produced within this process.