The results of an experimental investigation of the separation phenomena in dividing two-phase flow is presented. This work involved the commissioning of a steam-water loop to obtain detailed data on the characteristics of steam-water flow in a horizontal tee junction. Measurements included the pressure and void fraction distributions as well as the total flow rate and quality along the inlet and branching legs. A detailed set of experiments were performed enabling the effects of flow split, inlet quality and inlet mass flux on the separation and pressure characteristics to be determined. For the annular inlet flow conditions considered herein, total separation was approached when more than 40% of the inlet flow was removed through the branch. At lower branch flow rates, the degree of phase separation was strongly dependent on the branch flow split and the inlet quality. The pressure change from the inlet through the run of the tee was modelled from an axial momentum balance at the junction for both homogeneous and separated flow assumptions. The separated flow momentum correction factor was distributed about a value of unity indicating that the branching flow carriers little or no axial component of momentum. The pressure change from the inlet through the branch was considered in terms of reversible an'd irreversible components for separated and homogeneous flow assumptions. Both models yielded loss coefficients that were strongly dependent on the branch flow split and inlet quality. / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

The aim of this master´s thesis is to design solution of equipment for dividing rods of non-ferrous metals. The equipment is primarily meant for innovation of semi-finished product preparation in blacksmith's workshop. This master´s thesis mainly focused on design of individual mechanical components of alligator shears and their calculations. There are also solved dangerous places for operators and surroundings by using a safety analysis. The result of this master´s thesis is possibility of design mechanical part according to assignment.

1). The effect of temperature, P450 inhibitors (pyrazole and imidazole), sulphydryl reagents (iodoacetamide and N-ethyl maleimide) and glutathione on the activation of CCl4 in rat liver microsomes was studied. Spin trapping of CCI3', covalent binding of CCl4 to protein and CCl4-dependent MDA formation were used as indices of CCl4 metabolism. Formation of PBN-CCI3' adduct, 14CCl4 covalent binding to protein and CCl4-dependent :MDA production were dependent on temperature range from 15-40°C. The transition temperature was at 26.7 -27 .5°C when the activation was measured by formation of PBNCCl3' adduct and specific 14CCl4 covalent binding. The transition temperature was found to be 34.3°C when CCl4 -dependent MDA production was taken as the index of the activation of CCI4. Pyrazole, imidazole and iodoacetamide inhibited CC14 -dependent MDA formation only at high concentrations (10-20 mM), whereas glutathione showed a strong inhibitory effect on CCl4-stimulated lipid peroxidation. MDA formation was nearly 100°;6 inhibited by 1 roM GSH. GSH also delayed the onset of lipid peroxidation. N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) exerted biphasic effects on CCl4 -dependent MDA formation. The lower concentration of NEM (0.5 mM-l mM) reduced the :MDA prodUction, while the higher concentration of NEM (5-10 mM) enhanced the MDA formation. 2). Ribonucleotide reductase was partially purified from juvenile normal rat liver. The enzyme was purified 30 fold after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The CDP reductase activity in tissues with different growth states or rates was compared. The enzyme activity was developed well in juvenile rat liver, regenerating liver and hepatoma (cells), while the enzyme activity was undetectable in adult rat liver and sham-operated rat liver. The enzyme activity in Yoshida cells was 3-fold of the activity in Morris 5123tc tumours. Dithiothreitol (DIT) activated the activity of CDP reductase from 48h and 60h regenerating liver, but DIT did not activate the enzyme activity of juvenile 'normal rat liver. The possible mechanism of the activation of enzyme activity by DIT was discussed and a mechanism of regulation of the ribonucleotide reductase activity in regenerating liver was suggested. 3). The effect of the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) on CDP reductase from juvenile normal rat liver was investigated. HNE inhibited the CDP reductase activity. The inhibition was dependent on the concentration of HNE and the incubation time. The enzyme activity was reduced 500/0 by 0.1 roM HNE. The inhibitory effect of HNE was irreversible. DIT protected the enzyme against HNE suggesting that HNE inhibited the activity of ribonucleotide reductase from rat liver through the mechanism of blockage of functional SH groups in the enzyme protein.

The classical theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics for a quasi-static crack in an infinite linear elastic body has two significant mathematical inconsistencies: it predicts unbounded crack-tip stresses and an elliptical crack opening profile. A new theory of fracture developed by Sendova and Walton, based on extending continuum mechanics to the nanoscale, corrects these erroneous effects. The fundamental attribute of this theory is the use of a dividing surface to describe the material interface. The dividing surface is endowed with an excess property, namely surface tension, which accounts for atomistic effects in the interfacial region. When the surface tension is taken to be a constant, Sendova and Walton show that the theory reduces the crack-tip stress from a square root to a logarithmic singularity and yields a finite angle opening profile. In addition, they show that if the surface tension depends on curvature, the theory completely removes the stress singularity at the crack-tip, for all but countably many values of the two surface tension parameters, and yields a cusp-like opening profile. In this work, we develop a numerical model using the finite element method for the Sendova-Walton fracture theory applied to the classical Griffith crack problem in the case of constant surface tension. We show that the numerical model behaves as predicted by the theory, yielding a reduced crack-tip singularity and a finite opening angle for all nonzero values of the constant surface tension. We also lay the groundwork for the numerical implementation of the curvature-dependent model by constructing an algorithm to determine the appropriate threshold values for the surface tension parameters that guarantee bounded crack-tip stresses. These values can then be directly applied to the forthcoming numerical model.

Due to the remote and dispersed nature of Alberta’s oil wells, it is not economical for the energy industry to capture all of the solution gas produced and as a result, the gas is being flared and vented in significant amounts. The objective of this research is to aid in the conversion of solution gas into dimethyl ether (DME) in a remote location by designing a distillation column that purifies DME and its reaction by-products, carbon dioxide, methanol and water. In order to develop an implementable solution, the distillation equipment must fit inside of a 40-foot shipping container to be transported to remote locations. Given the size constraint of the system, process intensification is the best strategy to efficiently separate the mixture. Several process intensification distillation techniques are explored, including semicontinuous distillation, the dividing wall column (DWC) and a novel semicontinuous dividing wall column (S-DWC). The traditional semicontinuous distillation column purifies DME to fuel grade purity, however the other components are not separated to a high enough grade given the height constrain of the system. The DWC and S-DWC both purify DME to its desired purity along with producing high purity waste streams. The S-DWC purifies the reaction intermediate methanol to a grade slightly higher than the DWC and is pure enough to recycle back to the reactor. An economic comparison is made between the three systems. While the DWC is a cheaper method of producing DME, the trade-off is the purity of the methanol produced. Overall, this research shows that it is possible to purify DME and its reaction by-products in a 40-foot distillation column at a cost that is competitive with Diesel. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

Many chemical reactions can be described as the crossing of an energetic barrier. This process is mediated by an invariant object in phase space. One can construct a normally hyperbolic invariant manifold (NHIM) of the reactive dynamical system which is an invariant sphere that can be considered as the geometric representation of the transition state itself. The NHIM has invariant cylinders (reaction channels) attached to it. This invariant geometric structure survives as long as the invariant sphere is normally hyperbolic. We applied this theory to the hydrogen exchange reaction in three degrees of freedom in order to figure out the reason of the transition state theory (TST) failure. Energies high above the reaction threshold, the dynamics within the transition state becomes partially chaotic. We have found that the invariant sphere first ceases to be normally hyperbolic at fairly low energies. Surprisingly normal hyperbolicity is then restored and the invariant sphere remains normally hyperbolic even at very high energies. This observation shows two different energy values for the breakdown of the TST and the breakdown of the NHIM. This leads to seek another phase space object that is related to the breakdown of the TST. Using theory of the dividing surface including reactive islands (RIs), we can investigate such an object. We found out that the first nonreactive trajectory has been found at the same energy values for both collinear and full systems, and coincides with the first bifurcation of periodic orbit dividing surface (PODS) at the collinear configuration. The bifurcation creates the unstable periodic orbit (UPO). Indeed, the new PODS (UPO) is the reason for the TST failure. The manifolds (stable and centre-stable) of the UPO clarify these expectations by intersecting the dividing surface at the boundary of the reactive island (on the collinear and the three (full) systems, respectively).

This paper on Project learning within the education of cultivation work at primary school assesses educational project works, its brief history and types, as well as different point views on the matter. Not only does it deal with the problematic terminology, but also its introduction into the practical education. The three projects discussed are as follows: 1. What can be found on fields in autumn? 2. What is never abundant? 3. Weaving plants All of them have been brought into the practical use and can serve the teachers for inspiration. Understandably, the projects have been elaborated to suit the Project-based Education, combining more subjects and unifying them.

75 ABSTRACT The goal of my diploma thesis is to complexly analyze the institute of estimated value of a public procurement and issues related to it, while reflecting relevant decisions of the authorities competent to reviewing a public procurement, that is the Court of Justice of the European Union (the European Court of Justice), the Supreme Administrative Court, the Regional Court in Brno and the Office for the Protection of Competition. The relevant case-law is mentioned in the whole text in accordance with scheme of thesis as it is described below. Doctrinal interpretations are also taken into account. Among the most common mistakes made by contracting authorities, who are required to act in accordance with Act no. 137/2006 Coll., is wrongly determined estimated value of a public procurement. In this context it is necessary to point out that the determination is very important especially for the right categorization of contracts according to their values, which affects how strict conditions would apply for the specific contract. The work is conceived as a summary of the decision-making practice. This kind of conception was chosen primarily because of the fact that the Czech Republic (and other obliged countries) are required to implement the new procurement directives of the European Union (until April...

Production of artificial Three-Dimension (3-D) images was the aim of many researches over hundreds of years. 3-D images are the images that create sense of depth when viewing them. 3-D images are closer to the real world scenes than 2-D images due to the 3-D effect or the sense of depth the 3-D images provide. Sense of depth can be caused by binocular cues including convergence and parallax. Convergence is created by the difference between the angles of the left eye and the right eye viewing axes. Parallax is the effect of viewing with one eye a view of the scene that is inherently shifted to the view seen by the other eye. Several techniques have targeted the creation of 3-D images with the mentioned cues. The technique is preferred when it is able to create 3-D images so that the viewer can view these images without wearing special glasses and the occurrence of viewer fatigue. Integral photography that was invented in 1908 is able to meet the previous requirements. Based on integral photography, several techniques, research and studies have been published. The purposes of this thesis include the computer simulation of flexible integral photography systems, the computer generation of good quality 3-D static and animated integral images using the simulated systems, optimising the generation process to be more accurate, less expensive, more effective, and faster, and producing a portable specialist software tool to achieve these targets. New techniques and algorithms are needed to meet these purposes. A literature survey was carried out about the closest researches and studies to the subject of computer-generated integral images; these were compared with the new techniques introduced in this study to prove the advantages and the necessity of these new techniques. The closest technique to the suggested techniques was implemented using more developed tools to compare the quality of the resulting integral images with the targeted integral images that are going to be produced using the tools and algorithms proposed in this thesis. A method to simulate an imaging system and produce integral images based on the new technique of dividing the view volume of the scene was introduced, explained, proved, and implemented with a program designed for this purpose. To optimise the processing time and the image quality, the previous method is developed, new features are added to the resulting integral images, and better performance was achieved by introducing the method of Displacing the Virtual Camera Target (DCT). Application software with Graphical User Interface is designed and implemented to allow users to select the required parameters of the imaging system and the required features of the resultant integral images. The software tool that is based on the developed techniques and employing OpenGL is useful to simulate the imaging systems, tune their parameters before the actual implementation of these systems, and as a result, save time and materials when designing these systems. The introduced techniques and the software tools are faster, more effective, and cheaper original methods to help in optimising both the integral imaging systems and the quality of integral images. These software tools based on the new techniques can be used on a wide range of devices and platforms because these are employing the portable Application Interface OpenGL. With these methods, integral imaging systems are simulated, and optimised; good quality static and animated integral images were created.

The master thesis is dedicated to the use of innovation management in small and medium-sized enterprises. The theoretical part contains explanation of terms related to the innovation management, inventions, innovations, classification of innovations, measurement and effectivity of innovations. According to the opinions of many authors, the company that does not innovate is doomed to fail. That is why the often-used motto of companies is "Innovate or die". The chosen company which does not want to be named is described in the practical part. The enterprise is an important printing company with more than 20 years-long history. The aim of the master thesis is to describe and evaluated the realized innovation of the company. The output of the thesis contains plan of the processing map of the innovation, evaluation of the innovation by innovation index KLII and creation of the innovation benefits pyramid. The results of the thesis may contribute to lower costs of realization of future innovations, strengthening of the vision of the company and an increase of competitiveness.