Eutrophication, stimulated by phosphorous (P) runoff from landscapes, compromises water quality and can have long-term impacts on the aesthetics, recreation, property values, and drinkability of bodies of water around the world. In the State of Vermont, efforts are underway to control the amount of P entering Lake Champlain per standards set forth in the Federal Clean Water Act. Agriculture has been identified as a major contributor to excess P in the waterways and will be managed according to Act 64, the Vermont Water Quality Act. The studies presented in this paper will introduce two independent methodologies proposed to aid in evaluating the farmer's willingness to implement pro-environmental practices, (1) determining farmer values towards implementation of best management practices to inform policy, and (2) creating a multifunctional sustainability prioritization scheme for dissemination of Clean Water Fund resources. The Vermont Water Quality Act proposes Required Agricultural Practices (RAP) for agriculture in the State with a limited understanding of what the farming community desires from such a policy. This paper's first article titled, "Determining Farmer Values for Implementing Pro-Environmental Practices," analyzes twenty-four farmers and their associated values towards adopting pro-environmental practices for improved water quality. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to segment farmers according to their adoption of best management practices on their farms. Further, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using dependent functional (quality), functional (price), and emotional, social, conditional, and epistemic variables to understand the variance between the segments. The results from this analysis illuminate farmer values. This information can be used to inform water quality policy, ecosystem service payments, communication strategy, and funding dissemination. The Clean Water Fund was created to support the implementation of water quality initiatives in various sectors throughout the State of Vermont. The resources within the fund are limited; therefore careful prioritization of farms for outreach is essential. In the article titled, "Prioritizing Farms for Subsidies: A Multifunctional Approach," a prioritization methodology is presented using theory from the sustainable multifunctional agriculture literature. The sample includes vegetable, vegetable and meat, meat, and maple producers within the State. The diverse production types included in this study reflects the non-discriminatory—relating to production types—policies in Act 64. The study is limited by the exclusion of the dairy sector. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software was used to map environmental practices on twelve farm landscapes to generate a spatial representation of environmental stewardship that was then translated into an environmental score. This environmental score was combined with social and economic data to prioritize farms based upon their multifunctional sustainability. This ranking methodology may be useful for the State of Vermont in determining the prioritization of Clean Water Fund resources using farm sustainability measurements.

Scientific and technical translation has always played a pivotal role in disseminating knowledge. Today, the domain of science and technology is the main area of translation work. Nevertheless, there is still a discrepancy between the growing need for high-quality technical translations and the short supply of competent technical translators to produce them, a situation which may be due in part to the recent neglect of the equivalence concept in the theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of translation studies (TS). This thesis sets out to redefine, reassess, and reinstate equivalence as a useflul concept in TS by adopting an approach based on the English-German language pair and on one specific text genre and type. The investigation of equivalence as a qualitative complete-text-in-context-based concept is embedded in an equivalence-relevant methodology based on two methodological pillars, the first being a theoretically sound translation comparison and the second a highly refined translation corpus. Within this methodological framework, equivalence-relevant features are investigated and described at the syntactic, lexical-semantic, terminological-phraseological and overall textual levels. These levels are hierarchically interrelated in descending and ascending order and may be conditioned by pragmatic aspects, viz., domain knowledge and register considerations. The comparison is made using a high-quality corpus selected on the basis of a threefold set of selection criteria, with a special emphasis on the qualitative criteria. This helps us generate well-underpinned intersubjectifiable regularities in the form of potential equivalents established in the TT for ST equivalence-relevant features and enables us to obtain meaningful generalizations. Both regularities and generalizations should be capable of implementation in the applied branches of TS and, at the same time, help dynamize and intersubjectify the complex concept of equivalence. So, hopefully, this thesis will also contribute toward creating a link between the methodological, theoretical/descriptive and applied branches of TS to their mutual benefit.

This thesis deals with the problems of Literary translation nameLy: subjectivity in the interpretation of the original message, the question of stylistic faithfulness and flexibility as regards the form of the original text I and the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation. It also approaches the problem of equivalence and that of translation units which are raised by the translation process itself and are therefore reLevant to the probLems of literary translation. The beginning of the thesis entitled 'A Brief and General Review of Translation Theory' gives a brief account of the history of. translation theory. It also considers the ambiguity of the process of translation and presents a brief description of the different types of translation. The first chapter, is devoted to the problem of equivalence. Equivalence is approached in terms of. the dichotomy sty1lstic vs. communicative equivalence. This bipartite division is investigated to see whether it can be applied in the transLatioh process. The second chapter is devoted to the problem of translation units. Special emphasis is put on the difficulty of defining translation units because of the subjective nature of the translation process. A possible solution to this problem is suggested. - The third chapter deals with the question of subjectivity in the interpretation of the meaning of a source language literary text. Special emphasis is put on the relationship between the meaning of the source language text and the author's concepts which condition it. Such relationship is investigated in order to see whether it can help the translator to avoid a speculative and subjective interpretation of the original message. The fourth chapter discusses the questiorr of faithfulness and flexibility as regards the form of a source language literary text. In this study, the translator's dynamic role in reading the original text is highlighted. The consequence of such dynamic role, as regards faithfulness and unfaithfulness to the form of the original version, is analysed. The fifth chapter considers the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation'. The quality of a literary translation is assessed not in terms of its identity to the stylistic effect of the original text but in terms of its approximate correspondence to it. Such criterion is suggested as an appropriate means of assessing the adequacy of a literary translation and consequently the extreme notion of the impossibility of an adequate translation' is found to be irrelevant. - A comparison between the original English version of Gibran KahliL Gibran's The Prophet and its two Arabic translations is given as an illustration to most of the views and suggestions made in this study.

This study considers how examining the Popular Front movement against fascism in Britain sheds new light on thirties leftist fiction. It brings into view a range of critically neglected texts, focusing on the work of John Sommerfield, Arthur Calder-Marshall, Jack Lindsay, Lewis Jones and James Barke. The thesis shows how their fiction relates to and participates in a mobilisation of cultural forces against fascism both at home and abroad. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part One, ‘Realism and Modernism’ begins by examining how British writers negotiated the respective claims of the developing Soviet aesthetic of socialist realism, the mobilisation of European intellectuals against fascism and the heritage of literary modernism (chapter one). These currents of thought are then explored through readings of John Sommerfield’s May Day (chapter two) and Arthur Calder-Marshall’s Pie in the Sky (chapter three). Part Two, ‘On English History’, discusses leftist writings of the history of England under the rubric of anti-fascism; at its heart is a reading of Jack Lindsay’s trilogy of English historical novels (chapter four). Part Three, ‘Class, Nation, People’, first examines the ‘national’ turn in Communist politics as it was negotiated in the work of the Scottish novelist James Barke (chapter five), before turning to the fiction of the Welsh proletarian novelist Lewis Jones (chapter six). In both We Live and The Land of the Leal, the Spanish Civil War plays a key role in mediating the relationship between working-class historical experience and the demands of internationalist anti-fascism. The chief contributions are firstly a recovery and critical reconsideration of a range of marginalised works, and secondly a demonstration of how these novels can be read in terms of a radicalised and populist realist aesthetic, consonant with and interpretable in terms of the work of Georg Lukács in the 1930s.

This thesis is the beginning of a larger memoir project. I'm using what some would call a collage form of memory-based writing to focus on one year of my life in 1984. The nonlinear nature of the form reflects the era of the piece, a time of instability and change, and it helped me test Jay Ponteri's advice: "Don't reach for memory; let memory reach for you." In this thesis, the narrator is allowed to not know what he's doing. At times, his only job is to listen intently and follow the sound. Music is central to my thesis, as it was to the era I'm writing about. I use music to process emotion and to describe the ineffable. And music is often my way into memory, a more poetic route that encourages me to "proceed with abandon," as Antonin Artaud urged, revealing the unexpected connections that lead me to meaning. With this piece of writing, I'm exploring the theme of finding a sense of place, both in the world and within one's self. I circle death, loss, belonging and authority, in order to find my own sense of authority and voice.

Master of Visual Art (Sculpture) / This paper is a brief consideration of the nature of my art practice. It seeks to discover the importance of memory to the spatial, emotional and political constructs that inform my understanding of place. Within the broader context of the Australian immigrant experience, history and personal memories are explored by looking into the notion of domestic space as embodied by the house and its relationship to the home. The female role in the family is discussed in terms of the commonly understood stereotypes associated with home in western society. By traversing a range of ideas from philosophical and scientific domains, with a focus on contemporary art, the significance of memory is highlighted as the thread that holds these notions together.

This dissertation investigates the ways in which the human encounter with place has an active role in shaping personal identity. I commence the study with an examination of the appearing of place in the life of the subject. This begins with a consideration of intentionality through the philosophies of Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. I then identify several characteristics of place including: place as unselfconsciously intended and tacitly known, place's bleeding boundaries, the intimate connection between the self and environment, and place's affectivity on the emplaced subject. Edward Casey, E.C. Relph, and J.E. Malpas are key influences in the development of these characteristics. <br>The dissertation continues to employ the narrative identity theory of Paul Ricoeur as he develops a sense of self-identity that is founded neither in the subject as posited in the Cartesian cogito, nor in Nietzsche's deconstruction of the subject. While Ricoeur's narrative identity is a helpful means of understanding the concept of personal identity, nevertheless, I argue that Ricoeur's framework manifests a significant oversight. In his attention to time and action, he misses the vital role of environment in the development of one's narrative. I reconsider Ricoeur's work giving attention to the way that the appearing of place in experience is effectual in shaping the self's story and thus the formation of identity. <br>I then turn to explore the question regarding why place is overlooked in everyday experience, in the work of Ricoeur, and throughout much of the history of philosophy. In the consideration of the veil of place, I utilize the inconspicuity of the ready-to-hand tool in Heidegger's Being and Time. However, I argue that to remain hidden is not necessarily the fate of place. I endeavor to exhibit the ways in which place is (and can be) self-consciously experienced. Finally, to demonstrate the ways in which place is a significant aspect of identity formation, I turn to the fictional works of author Wendell Berry and the later philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Through Berry and Heidegger I explore the themes the self's relationship with place, the effects of displacement, and the role of place-based memory. / McAnulty College and Graduate School of Liberal Arts / Philosophy / PhD / Dissertation

DISC1 is an established susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. To gain insight on the neural mechanisms responsible for hippocampal deficits in schizophrenia, we sought to characterize place cell activity and theta rhythm in our Disc1-L100P mouse strain that we have previously shown to express deficits in spatial working memory. Our findings suggest that the rate code of place cells is intact. We found that Disc1-L100P mice have deficits in theta rhythm, increased neural noise, and lower levels of PV+ interneurons in the hippocampus. Our findings are supportive of impaired temporal coding in Disc1-L100P place cells. We found that Disc1-L100P place cell waveforms were broader than those of wild-type mice and putative interneuron waveforms were narrower. These findings suggest that ion-channel function and expression in the hippocampus is altered in Disc1-L100P mice. In schizophrenic subjects deficits in working memory are associated with aberrant oscillatory activity, increased noise, and lower PV+ interneuron expression.

DISC1 is an established susceptibility gene for schizophrenia. To gain insight on the neural mechanisms responsible for hippocampal deficits in schizophrenia, we sought to characterize place cell activity and theta rhythm in our Disc1-L100P mouse strain that we have previously shown to express deficits in spatial working memory. Our findings suggest that the rate code of place cells is intact. We found that Disc1-L100P mice have deficits in theta rhythm, increased neural noise, and lower levels of PV+ interneurons in the hippocampus. Our findings are supportive of impaired temporal coding in Disc1-L100P place cells. We found that Disc1-L100P place cell waveforms were broader than those of wild-type mice and putative interneuron waveforms were narrower. These findings suggest that ion-channel function and expression in the hippocampus is altered in Disc1-L100P mice. In schizophrenic subjects deficits in working memory are associated with aberrant oscillatory activity, increased noise, and lower PV+ interneuron expression.

As the number of people living in forested areas continues to grow, so does the likelihood that an individual will suffer from a wildland fire. There has been little research produced strictly looking at the human dimensions of wildland fire, especially in southern rural communities (Machlis, Kaplan, Tuler, Bagby, and McKendry 2002). Using two of Kumagai, Carrol, and Cohan's (2004) propositions on the social impact of disaster and the theoretical framework of Emile Durkheim's (1933) view of community and collective consciousness, the primary purpose of this research was to aid in understanding the effects of wildland fire on the social and economic well-being of a community. This research examined a specific location in Kentucky, Bell County. Bell County has suffered many wildland fires, especially with wildland-fire arson. In June of 2006 questionnaires exploring residents' perception of wildland fire on the social and economic well-being of the local community were sent to a random sample of area residents. Two aspects of community and wildland fire were examined, the impact of wildland fire on community and blame for damage caused by inadequate efforts to control wildland fires. Partial correlations were used to measure the relationship between variables. The findings suggest that there is no consistent positive or negative impact of wildland fire on all individuals in a community. No consistent relationship exists between wildland fires' impacts and aspects of community in a negative way. Respondents themselves were less likely to report gain or loss and more likely to report that others had gained or lost in income. The longer respondents have lived in Bell County, the more likely they will discuss wildland fire. Respondents did not blame any local, state, or federal agency for wildland fire. In fact, the more one is tied to community (in terms of quality of life, trust in government, and strong neighbor relations), the more supportive one is of local government. The implications of this study could include policy changes with regards to wildland fire, information gathered would help aid in the understanding of the effects of wildland fire within a rural community. Due to the small sample (n = 140) and weak response rate (18.8%), the information gathered may only be generlizable to Bell County or the respondents themselves. Future research would be suggested, research at a qualitative level, through participant observation and in-depth interviews of residents of Bell County, Kentucky.