Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 15 mars 2024) / Depuis le début des années 2010, l'OCDE pilote le projet *Base Erosion and Profit Shifting*, mieux connu sous le nom de « projet BEPS ». Dans son ensemble, ce vaste chantier de consultation vise à trouver des solutions aux divers problèmes rencontrés par les États dans l'imposition des profits réalisés par les entreprises multinationales. L'un de ses objectifs est de trouver une façon de mettre un terme au transfert de bénéfices à l'étranger en alignant mieux les droits d'imposition sur les profits des entreprises multinationales avec l'activité économique réelle et créatrice de valeur. À l'heure actuelle, c'est l'encadrement des prix de transfert par le principe de pleine concurrence qui est censé remplir cette tâche. Or, malgré cet encadrement, les multinationales sont en mesure de mettre en place divers stratagèmes afin de déclarer en toute légalité une proportion importante de leurs profits dans des juridictions à faible imposition où il se déroule très peu d'activité réelle. À travers les années, plusieurs solutions ont été proposées pour mettre un terme au transfert de bénéfices, et ainsi créer une adéquation entre activité réelle et imposition. Toutefois, aucune n'était aussi ambitieuse que la « Solution reposant sur deux piliers », sur laquelle s'est entendue une quantité impressionnante de pays en 2021. Ce projet de réforme propose la mise en place de nouveaux droits d'imposition sur les entreprises multinationales, et promet de grands résultats. L'objet de ce mémoire est d'étudier si cette proposition, si elle était adoptée, permettrait de remplir ses promesses. Après avoir replacé le principe de pleine concurrence dans son contexte, et après avoir étudié ses effets, il est possible d'identifier de nombreuses lacunes, autant aux niveaux théorique que conceptuel que pratique. Bien que la « Solution reposant sur deux piliers » réponde en partie à ces lacunes, notre conclusion est que cette mesure serait insuffisante pour mettre un terme au problème du transfert de bénéfices. En ce sens, la solution proposée devrait être accueillie avec déception par quiconque voyant dans le transfert de bénéfices une grave injustice et un enjeu fondamental. Il ne faudrait toutefois pas perdre de vue que la Solution reposant sur deux piliers, si elle est adoptée par les États, pourrait constituer un pas vers une meilleure imposition des entreprises multinationales. / Since the beggining of the 2010 decade, the OECD has put together the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting project, better known under the name BEPS. This broad consultation aims at finding solutions to the problems encountered by states regarding the taxation of multinational entreprises' profits. One of the main objectives of the project is to find a way to put an end to profit shifting by better aligning the rights to tax the profits of multinational entreprises with real economic activity that creates value. As of now, it is the arm's length principle that is supposed to achieve this task. However, under the fiscal law in force at this time, multinational entreprises are able to put in place different schemes to legally declare their profits in low-tax jurisdictions where there is few or no real activity. Over the years, various solutions has been proposed to put an end to profit shifting. Nevertheless, none has been more ambitious or spectacular that the Two-Pillar Solution, on which an impressive quantity of countries have agreed on in 2021. This project of reform propose the establishment of new taxing rights on multinationals' profits, and promises great results. The prupose of this master's thesis is to study wheter or not it will achieve the promised results. After replacing the arm's length principle in its context, and after studying its effets, it is possible to identify various shortcomings, both theoretically and practically as well as conceptually. Altough the Two-Pillar Solution partly answers the shortcomings of the arm's length principle, we find it largely insufficant to put an end to profit shifting. It is therefore a missed opportunity for the OECD to propose a deeper reform to solve for good this issue, and should be welcomed with great dispointment by whoever sees in profit shifting an important injustice and a major problem in international tax law. Nevertheless, we should not let this blind us from the fact that the Two-Pillar Solution is a good first step toward a better taxation of multinational entreprises' profits.

by Li, Man-kong, Vincent, Yee, Yat-pui, Yvonne. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves 92-94. / Library's copy:Disk for circulation (3.5 in.) / TABLE OF CONTENTS / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.v / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / CHAPTER / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Importance of Earnings Forecast --- p.1 / Previous Research Findings --- p.3 / Objective --- p.5 / Chapter II. --- AN OVERVIEW OF EARNING FORECASTING --- p.6 / Methods of Forecasting --- p.6 / Financial Analyst's Model --- p.7 / Time-series Model --- p.9 / Common Belief Regarding Forecast Superiority --- p.10 / Chapter III. --- RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD OF ANALYSIS --- p.12 / General Framework --- p.12 / Choice of Companies and Time Period --- p.13 / Data Preparation --- p.16 / Actual Earning Data --- p.16 / Forecast Data by Financial Analyst --- p.17 / Adjustment of Data --- p.18 / Time Series Model Data --- p.20 / Generation of Time-series Data --- p.20 / The Time-series Model --- p.20 / Data Analysis --- p.25 / Definition of Forecast Error --- p.25 / Comparison of Forecast Accuracy --- p.26 / Grouping of Companies --- p.26 / Method of Comparison --- p.27 / Chapter IV. --- RESULTS OF ANALYSIS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.30 / General Data Manipulation --- p.30 / Data For Analysis --- p.30 / Input Data --- p.30 / Computed Forecast Errors --- p.31 / Comparison of Forecast Accuracy --- p.31 / First Time Friedman Test Results --- p.31 / Full Cross-Sectional Dependence --- p.32 / Sectorial Dependence --- p.34 / Cross-Sectional Independence --- p.37 / Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test and Second Time Friedman Test --- p.41 / Full Cross-Sectional Dependence. --- p.42 / Sectorial Dependence --- p.43 / Cross-Sectional Independence --- p.44 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION --- p.45 / Findings From Results of Study --- p.45 / Limitation of Study --- p.48 / Cost of Forecast --- p.48 / Sample Size and Length of Study Period --- p.48 / Limited Past Earning Data --- p.49 / Accounting Income Manipulation --- p.50 / Suggested Further Study --- p.50 / APPENDIX A --- p.52 / APPENDIX B --- p.53 / APPENDIX C --- p.56 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.92

Sun Yuekang. / Thesis submitted in: October 1999. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 40-44). / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

Project (M.B.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2004. / Theses (Faculty of Business Administration) / Simon Fraser University. MBA-GAWM Program. Senior supervisor: Dr. Peter Klein.

The issue of dimensions of quality has received very little attention in the marketing literature. This dissertation studies the impact selected individual dimensions of quality has on firm performance. The study examined the relation between product, service and image based dimensions of quality and firm performance. The performance measure utilized in this study was a firm's return on investment (ROI). Sample for the study included Strategic Business Units (SBUs) involved in the manufacture of consumer goods and industrial capital goods. A theoretical framework that details performance effects of selected variables was developed. Drawing upon previous research in Marketing, Management, Economics, and Strategic Planning, propositions and hypotheses were developed. The data required to test the hypotheses was obtained from the PIMS data base of the Strategic Planning Institute. Several GLM procedures including ANOVA, ANCOVA, and Multiple Comparison tests, such as SNK, Tukey and Bonferroni, were employed to test the various operational hypothesis. The results show that product and image based dimensions of quality impact RoT differentially for consumer goods and industrial capital goods. The extent of the difference depends on the order of market entry and the product's stage in the product life cycle. On the other hand, service based dimensions of quality did not impact ROI differentially for pioneers and non-pioneers. Similar results was found across stages of the product life cycle.

This dissertation seeks to investigate how hospital reimbursement policy affects the quality of care provided to patients when providers compete for healthcare labor that is limited in supply. Cost payment systems fully reimburse a provider’s the total cost of healthcare provided, fixed reimbursements are predetermined at a fixed amount and mixed reimbursements have a cost and fixed component. The first chapter investigates how government reimbursement schemes that induce quality competition among health providers affects the choice of quality of care provided to patients and how these choices depend on the labor supply constraints in the healthcare labor market. We build a theoretical model that explicitly incorporates the healthcare labor supply into a framework of a hospital cournot competition, to show how a hospitals' choice of quality of patient care will be directly influenced when there is a shortage of health personnel in a regulated reimbursement system. We find that multiple equilibria can arise in healthcare markets depending on the consumers’ sensitivity to quality and hospitals’ share of cost when investing in quality. Contrary to existing findings, we are able to show that the effects of reimbursement schemes can vary in different equilibria and in different labor market situations. For instance, in high patient quality sensitivity hospital markets under a high hospital quality equilibrium, we can show that a cost payment scheme decreases a provider’s quality of care while a fixed reimbursement scheme increases quality. More importantly we find that the labor market constraint increases or decreases the effect of the reimbursement system on quality of care. Consequently, the labor constraint changes the quality choice of the provider as compared to the quality level that would have been induced by a particular reimbursement’s policy incentive for quality. In the second chapter, we carry out some of the testable implications of the theoretical finding from the first chapter. This paper investigates how higher Medicare payments brought about by geographical reclassification affects a provider’s quality of care as captured by registered nurses (RN) and licensed practical nurses (LPN) staffing, as well as patient outcomes (mortality, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, peptic ulcer deep vein thrombosis) and length of stay when hospitals compete for nurses. In contrast with past literature, we specifically allow for asymmetry in the hospital’s choice of quality, by permitting coefficients to differ across reclassified hospitals in response to the higher Medicare payments. This asymmetry is based on the relativity of the labor cost faced by the hospital due to competition for nurses in the healthcare labor market. Using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) and the Center for Medicare and Medicaid (CMS) data from the period 2001 to 2011, we find that hospitals who face relatively higher labor costs will post reclassification increase their RN to LPN staffing ratio as compared to hospitals in their post geographical reclassification areas. A higher RN staffing by these hospitals will result in an improvement of quality of care as the incidence of patient complications due to Pneumonia, Peptic Ulcer and Deep Vein Thrombosis reduces for hospitals that were reclassified after allowing for asymmetry in response to the higher Medicare payment due to differences in labor costs (Pneumonia and Peptic Ulcer complications improve as compared to pre re-class area hospitals and DVT in both pre/post re-class area hospitals). Length of stay also increases for hospitals that faced a higher labor cost while mortality and UTI complications remain unchanged post reclassification. Finally, in the third chapter, we examine how the for profit (FP) or not for profit (NFP) status of hospitals impact the choice of nurse staffing and patient outcomes when there is an increase in provider reimbursement due geographical reclassification. Most of the past studies focus on mortality and length of stay in FPs and NFPs, we extend these studies by investigating the impact of geographical reclassification on patient outcomes that have been established as outcomes sensitive to nursing care. From our regression results, with reference to the ratio of RN to LPN staffing, we find evidence that an increase in Medicare payments will have a greater impact in FPs than in NFPs as compared to their pre re-class geographical area control hospitals. We also find that in hospitals that face a relatively higher labor cost as compared to their controls; (1) There is no difference in the impact of reclassification between FPs and NFPs (2) There is a better response from FPs than NFPs to geographical reclassification when the outcome considered is DVT as evidenced by a decreases in cases of DVT (3) NFPs decrease length of stay whiles FPs increase length of stay as compared to their post re-class geographical area hospitals.

Many top market capitalization companies are information technology (IT) firms, including Apple, Google, Microsoft, and Facebook, each of which is valued at more than $300 billion. Facebook is less than 10 years old and is one of the top 10 companies in the world in terms of market capitalization. However, technologies change rapidly; website revenue—which once grew at a brisk rate—has slowed down, while mobile technology growth is increasing and technology trends are shifting toward cloud hosting and big data analytics. IT companies that have increased their R&D spending remain leaders throughout periods of technology change. Companies such as Facebook and Google have doubled and tripled their profits, respectively over` the past decade. In this dynamic environment, analysts play a critical role in evaluating IT company financial statements and estimating company sales and earnings per share (EPS). This study examines how changes in R&D spending are related to analysts’ sales and earnings estimate revisions. An analysis of data over a 20-year period shows that analysts typically revise their sales estimates based on changes in a company’s R&D expenditures. The correlation between analyst earnings estimates and R&D expenditures, however, varies based on company size and industry within the IT sector. Analysts play a particularly important role in small companies, where the correlation between R&D and sales changes is not as high as in large companies. Analysts are thus critical to the functioning of capital markets in the IT sector.

published_or_final_version / Business / Master / Master of Philosophy

En la actualidad, los empresarios en el Perú se han visto en la obligación de utilizar estrategias que permitan crear valor en sus organizaciones y ser competitivos en un mercado cada vez más dinámico, utilizando dentro de estas estrategias, el servicio delivery que ha generado todo un cambio en la forma de interactuar entre empresa-cliente, cambiado el modelo de negocios de muchas compañías y teniendo como resultado beneficios para ambas partes. Este artículo analiza la ejecución del delivery en empresas significativas del medio, mostrando las principales características de esta estrategia y las ventajas de su aplicación. / Currently, managers in Peru have been obliged to use strategies to create value in their organizations and be competitive in a dynamic market, using the delivery service as a means of changing the business-customer relationship, changing the business model of many companies and obtaining benefits for both parties. This article discusses the delivery in important companies, showing the main features of this strategy and the benefits of its application.

The objective of this thesis is to see how effectively can central banks can conduct monetary policy under specific circumstances. Four hypothesis are being examined on the case study of five central banks - the Czech National Bank, the Central Bank of Chile, the Bank of Jamaica, the Central Bank of Argentina and the Swiss National Bank. Firstly this work confirms that solid monetary policy can be applied even if CB is dealing with loss based on inflation targeting success rate of central banks. Secondly, in the case of Czech National Bank using VAR, was concluded that inflation expectations can influence the outcome of CB's monetary policy. In the second part of this hypothesis the expectations from the government side in SNB case were examined. On the case of Argentina the negative effect of adjusting monetary policy was demonstrated. The last part elaborates on the topic of determining optimal capitalisation of central bank.