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A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. March 2015 / Lung cancer is currently the most deadly form of cancer due to the fact that metastasis occurs in the lymph nodes making it difficult to remove by surgical means. Chemotherapy has been the most successful method of treatment, although it has been harmful to human health as a consequence of non-specific cytotoxicity. There has been, therefore, a growing interest in cancer research to develop alternative cancer treatments, which are less toxic. Currently plant-derived drugs are perceived to be more effective as they display both cytotoxic activity and are less harmful to overall human health. Thus the aim of the study was to determine the cytotoxic effects of the plant Lobostemon fruticosus on A549 cells. The IC50 of the methanol and butanol extracts of L. fruticosus were obtained at 40 μg/ml and 50 μg/ml, respectively. DNA fragmentation was observed after 48 hour exposure to treatments, indicating that the plant extracts induced apoptosis. Cell cycle analysis indicated that the plant extracts inhibited cell cycle progression at the sub-G0 phase, which indicated that the cells had undergone apoptosis. RT-PCR showed that the expression of p53 was down-regulated; however, p21 and Bax were up-regulated in all treatments. LC-MS identified that the compounds from the plant extracts are known apoptotic inducers. The results lead to the conclusion that the extracts of L. fruticosus, induce cell death in A549 cells. The plant extracts induced a p53-independent apoptotic mechanism, which was mediated by Bax and p21. Key words: Lobostemon fruticosus, camptothecin, taxol, Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第21447号 / 医博第4414号 / 新制||医||1032(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 武藤 学, 教授 平井 豊博, 教授 岩田 想 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Είναι ευρέως αποδεκτό και καλά τεκμηριωμένο ότι ο υποδοχέας του επιδερμικού αυξητικού παράγοντα (epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) ελέγχει σημαντικές λειτουργίες των καρκινικών κυττάρων, όπως τον πολλαπλασιασμό και την απόπτωση, αλλά και διαδικασίες όπου συμμετέχουν περισσότεροι του ενός τύποι κυττάρων, όπως τη διήθηση και την αγγειογένεση. Μεταξύ των τύπων καρκίνου, στην ανάπτυξη των οποίων συμμετέχει ο EGFR, είναι και ο μη μικροκυτταρικός καρκίνος του πνεύμονα (ΜΜΚΠ). Πολύ πρόσφατα δεδομένα δείχνουν ότι ένα άλλο μόριο που εμπλέκεται στην ανάπτυξη του καρκίνου του πνεύμονα είναι το Notch. Ο ρόλος του είναι περίπλοκος και διττός: Έχει προταθεί ότι το Notch επάγει την ανάπτυξη του ΜΜΚΠ και αναστέλλει την ανάπτυξη του μικροκυτταρικού καρκίνου του πνεύμονα (ΜΚΠ). Επιπλέον, έχει βρεθεί ότι το μονοπάτι μεταγωγής σήματος του Notch επηρεάζει, αλλά και επηρεάζεται από άλλα μόρια. Στην παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία διερευνήθηκε ο ρόλος του EGFR και του Notch στην ανάπτυξη κυττάρων ΜΜΚΠ χρησιμοποιώντας τον προσδέτη του EGFR, EGF και τον αναστολέα της γ-σεκρετάσης DAPT. Για τη διεξαγωγή των πειραμάτων χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι ανθρώπινες καρκινικές κυτταρικές σειρές ΜΜΚΠ Η23, Α549, Η661 και ΗCC827. Οι κυτταρικές σειρές Η23, Α549 και Η661 εκφράζουν τον αγρίου τύπου (wild type, wt) EGFR και η κυτταρική σειρά HCC827 εκφράζει EGFR που φέρει τη μετάλλαξη (mutation) (DE746- A750). Αρχικά με ανάλυση κατά western μελετήθηκε το προφίλ των κυττάρων ως προς τα επίπεδα έκφρασης του ενδοκυττάριου τμήματος του Notch (Notch Intracellular Domain, NICD). Βρέθηκε ότι τα κύτταρα Η23 εκφράζουν τα υψηλότερα επίπεδα Notch ICD, τα κύτταρα Η661 και HCC827 μέτρια επίπεδα και τα κύτταρα Α549 τα χαμηλότερα. Στη συνέχεια με τη μέθοδο του ΜΤΤ έγινε έλεγχος του DAPT στον πολλαπλασιασμό των κυττάρων και βρέθηκε ότι τα κύτταρα Η661 είχαν τη μεγαλύτερη αναστολή, παρόμοια συμπεριφορά έδειξαν και τα Α549. Τα κύτταρα Η23 εμφάνισαν μικρότερη ανταπόκριση σε σχέση με τα Η661 ενώ τα κύτταρα HCC827 εμφανίστηκαν ανθεκτικά στο DAPT. Η ανασταλτική δράση του DAPT στα κύτταρα Η661 συνοδεύτηκε με επαγωγή της απόπτωσης η οποία προσδιορίστηκε με τη μέθοδο αννεξίνης V καθώς και με επαγωγή της αυτοφαγίας η οποία ανιχνεύτηκε κάνοντας ανάλυση κατά western για τα πρωτεϊνικά επίπεδα της beclin-1. Περαιτέρω τα κύτταρα ενεργοποιήθηκαν με EGF και εν συνεχεία προστέθηκε DAPT. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι στα κύτταρα Η23 η προσθήκη του EGF δεν επέτρεψε να δράσει ανασταλτικά το DAPT ενώ στα Η661 εν μέρει ο EGF αντέστρεψε την ανασταλτική δράση του DAPT. Επιλέγοντας τις κυτταρικές σειρές Η23 και Η661, μελετήθηκε η δράση του DAPT και του EGF στα επίπεδα του Notch ICD. Παρατηρήθηκε ότι στα κύτταρα Η23, το DAPT μείωσε με χρονοεξαρτώμενο τρόπο τα πρωτεϊνικά επίπεδα του Notch ICD μέχρι και 6 ώρες μετά την προσθήκη του στα κύτταρα ενώ 24 ώρες μετά το φαινόμενο αντιστράφηκε. Η προσθήκη του EGF δεν επηρέασε τα επίπεδα του Notch ICD σε καμία από τις χρονικές στιγμές που μελετήθηκαν. Στα Η661 κύτταρα το DAPT προκάλεσε χρονοεξαρτώμενη μείωση των επιπέδων Notch ICD η οποία διήρκησε μέχρι και 24 ώρες μετά τη προσθήκη του DAPT. Ο EGF όπως και προηγουμένως δεν επηρέασε τα επίπεδα του Notch ICD. Παρατηρώντας ότι στα Η661 το DAPT ασκεί δράση με μεγαλύτερη διάρκεια σε σχέση με τα κύτταρα Η23, τα κύτταρα Η661 ενεργοποιήθηκαν με EGF και στη συνέχεια προστέθηκε το DAPT προκειμένου να δούμε τη δράση του συνδυασμού στα επίπεδα του Notch ICD. Βρέθηκε ότι ο EGF αντέστρεψε την μείωση των Notch ICD επιπέδων που προκαλεί μόνο του το DAPT. Τα αποτελέσματα αναδεικνύουν ότι τα μονοπάτια του EGFR και του Notch, συνηγορούν προς την ίδια κατεύθυνση για τη μείωση του όγκου και αυτό υποδηλώνει έναν ελκυστικό δρόμο συνδυαστικών προσεγγίσεων για τη θεραπεία του ΜΜΚΠ, που μπορεί να ενισχύσει τη δράση των ανασταλτικών παραγόντων του EGFR σε όγκους. Συμπερασματικά, θα μπορούσαμε να υποθέσουμε ότι στο ΜΜΚΠ: α) τα δύο μονοπάτια EGFR και Notch συνεπικουρούν για την ανάπτυξη του όγκου, β) η αναστολή του Notch είναι πιο αποτελεσματική σε κύτταρα με ενδιάμεσα επίπεδα ενεργού Notch 1, προκαλώντας τόσο απόπτωση όσο και αυτοφαγία, και γ) η μετάλλαξη του EGFR προσφέρει αντίσταση στη δράση αναστολέα της γ-σεκρετάσης. / It is widely accepted and well established that the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls important processes of tumor cells, such as proliferation and apoptosis, but also processes involving more than one type of cells such as invasion and angiogenesis. It has been found that the EGFR has an important role in the development of several types of cancer including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Very recent data indicate that another molecule, which is involved in the development of lung cancer, is Notch. Its role is complicated and is under investigation. It is suspected that Notch has a growth promoting function in NSCLC, whereas exerts an inhibitory effect in small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Furthermore it has been found that the signaling pathway of Notch can affect/ can be affected by other molecules. This thesis investigated the role of EGFR and Notch in cell growth of NSCLC cells using the ligand of EGFR, EGF and gamma-secretase inhibitor, DAPT. To conduct the experiments the human NSCLC cell lines H23, A549, H661 and HCC827 were used. The cell lines H23, A549 and H661 express the wild type (wt) EGFR and the cell line HCC827 expresses EGFR bearing the mutation (mt) DE746-A750. Initially, we studied the profile of NSCLC cells regarding the protein levels of Notch intracellular domain (Notch ICD) using western blot analysis. It was found that H23 cells express the higher levels Notch ICD, H661 and HCC827 cells express intermediate levels and A549 cells express the lowest levels of Notch ICD. The next step was the evaluation of DAPT effect in cell proliferation using the MTT assay. We found that DAPT caused the greatest inhibition to H661 and A549 cells. DAPT was less effective to H23 cells while had no effect to HCC827 cells. The inhibitory effect of DAPT in H661 cells was in line with the induction of apoptosis and autophagy, as was detected using annexin V assay and western blot analysis for beclin-1, respectively. Furthermore, cells were stimulated with EGF and subsequently DAPT was added. We found that the stimulatory effect of EGF was not reversed by DAPT in H23 cells. However a partial reverse of EGF stimulation was observed in H661 cells. The next step was to study the effect of DAPT and EGF at Notch ICD protein levels, in H23 and H661 cells. We found that DAPT reduced the protein levels of Notch ICD in H23 cells, with a time-dependent manner, up to 6 hours after DAPT addition and this effect reversed 24 hour later. The addition of EGF did not affect the levels of Notch ICD at any time point tested. In H661 cells, DAPT caused a time-dependent reduction of Notch ICD protein levels up to 24 hours after DAPT addition to cells. EGF as previously, did not affect the levels of Notch ICD in these cells. Since DAPT was more effective to H661 cells, these cells stimulated with EGF and then DAPT was added in order to study the effect of the combination at the levels of Notch ICD. We found that EGF reversed the decrease of Notch ICD protein levels caused by DAPT alone. These results indicate that the pathways of EGFR and Notch might act with a synergistic fashion and this could be an attractive approach for the treatment of NSCLC. Summarizing our results, we might assume that in NSCLC: a) both pathways of EGFR and Notch exert a significant role in tumor growth, b) the inhibition of Notch is more effective in cells with intermediate levels of activated Notch 1, causing both apoptosis and autophagy, and c) the EGFR mutation confers resistance to the effect of γ- secretase inhibitor.

O câncer de pulmão é um dos mais incidentes e letais, e, assim, a busca de novos fármacos é necessária. Atualmente o desenvolvimento de fármacos conta com abordagens computacionais que otimizam este processo. Dado que a fosfatidiletanolamina desempenha importantes papeis fisiológicos e uma das enzimas envolvidas na sua síntese, a CTP:fosfoetanolamina-citidilil-transferase (Pcyt2) é frequentemente superexpressa em células de câncer de pulmão, no presente trabalho, foram avaliados o potencial terapêutico de CHY-1, um análogo da miltefosina desenvolvido como inibidor da enzima Pcyt2, e os mecanismos inerentes à sua atividade antitumoral. O CHY-1 apresentou citotoxicidade superior ao seu protótipo e a outro inibidor da enzima Pcyt2, a meclizina. Além disso, as células malignas foram mais sensíveis ao CHY-1 do que as células não-tumorigênicas. Em conclusão, o presente trabalho evidencia o potencial do CHY-1 como um inibidor da enzima Pcyt2 e candidato a fármaco com atividade preferencial para câncer de pulmão. / Lung cancer is one of the most incident and lethal cancers, thus, the pursuit for new drugs is necessary. Nowadays, new drugs development has computational tools that improves this process. Once that phosphatidylethanolamine plays several important physiological roles and one of the enzymes of its production pathway, CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2), is usually overexpressed in lung cancer cells, therefore, this study aimed was to evaluate the antitumor effects of CHY-1, a miltefosine analogue developed as an inhibitor of Pcyt2 enzyme, and to investigate the mechanisms related to its antitumor action. CHY-1 was more cytotoxicity than its prototype, miltefosine, and was more cytotoxic than another inhibitor Pcyt2 enzyme, meclizine. Morevover, malignant cells were more sensitive to CHY-1 effects than non-tumorigenic cells. In conclusion, this work presents CHY-1 as an inhibitor of Pcyt2 enzyme and new candidate a drug with preferential activity on NSCLC cells.

Excision Repair Cross-Complementation group 1 (ERCC1) est une enzyme de réparation de l’ADN fréquemment déficiente dans le cancer bronchique non-à-petites cellules. Bien qu’une expression faible d’ERCC1 soit prédictive de réponse aux sels de platine, l’efficacité des chimiothérapies à base de platine est limitée par leur toxicité et l’apparition de résistance, justifiant la nécessité de stratégies thérapeutiques alternatives. Par ailleurs, l’absence de test compagnon diagnostic permettant d’évaluer la fonctionnalité d’ERCC1 dans la pratique clinique empêche actuellement toute thérapie personnalisée basée sur le statut ERCC1.Afin d’identifier de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutiques pour les tumeurs ERCC1-déficientes en exploitant le concept de létalité synthétique, des screens à haut-débit , utilisant des composés pharmaceutiques ou par ARN interférence, ont été réalisés dans un modèle isogénique de CBNPC déficient en ERCC1. Cette approche a permis d’identifier plusieurs inhibiteurs de poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 et 2 (PARP1/2), tels l’opalarib (AZD2281), le niraparib (MK-24827) et BMN 673 comme sélectifs pour les cellules ERCC1-déficientes. Les mécanismes sous-tendant cette sensibilité sélective ont été étudiés, et les résultats suivants ont été mis en évidence : (i) les cellules ERCC1-déficientes présentent un blocage prolongé en phase G2/M après exposition à l’olaparib ; (ii) l’isoforme 202 d’ERCC1, dont le rôle a été récemment mis en évidence dans la résistance aux sels de platine, module également la sensibilité aux inhibiteurs de PARP ; (iii) la déficience en ERCC1 est épistatique avec les défauts de recombinaison homologue (RH), malgré une capacité normale des cellules ERCC1-déficientes à former des foyers RAD51 ; ceci suggère qu’ERCC1 pourrait intervenir dans la réparation d’une lésion de l’ADN induite par l’inhibiteur de PARP1/2 en amont de l’invasion du brin d’ADN lors de la RH ; (iv) l’inhibition de l’expression de PARP1 par ARN interférence permet de restaurer la résistance aux inhibiteurs de PARP1/2, dans les cellules ERCC1-déficientes uniquement. Ces résultats suggèrent que les inhibiteurs de PARP1/2 pourraient représenter une nouvelle stratégie thérapeutique chez les patients dont la tumeur est déficiente en ERCC1 et un essai clinique va être mis en place pour évaluer cette hypothèse.Afin d’explorer la présence de biomarqueurs de la fonctionnalité d’ERCC1, quatre approches ont été entreprises en parallèle dans le modèle isogénique de CBNPC déficient en ERCC1: (i) irradiation aux UV, afin d’évaluer la voie NER (Nucleotide Excision Repair); (ii) séquençage d’exome, dans le but de rechercher une signature génomique (ADN) ; (iii) analyse du transcriptome cellulaire, pour identifier des modifications d’expression d’ARN ; et (iv) SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) afin de comparer le protéome des cellules ERCC1-déficientes et ERCC1-proficientes. Ces approches ont permis d’identifier une potentielle signature génomique, ainsi que de biomarqueurs d’activité – guanine deaminase (GDA) et nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). De plus amples validations et investigations mécanistiques de ces observations préliminaires sont actuellement requises. / Excision Repair Cross-Complementation group 1 (ERCC1) is a DNA repair enzyme that is frequently deficient in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Although low ERCC1 expression correlates with platinum sensitivity, the clinical effectiveness of platinum therapy is limited - mainly by toxicities and occurrence of resistance - highlighting the need for alternative treatment strategies. In addition, the lack of a reliable assay evaluating ERCC1 functionality in the clinical setting currently precludes personalising therapy based on ERCC1 status. To discover new synthetic lethality-based therapeutic strategies for ERCC1-defective tumours, high-throughput drug and siRNA screens in an isogenic NSCLC model of ERCC1 deficiency were performed. This approach identified multiple clinical poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and 2 (PARP1/2) inhibitors such as olaparib (AZD-2281), niraparib (MK-4827) and BMN 673 as being selective for ERCC1 deficiency. The mechanism underlying ERCC1-selective effects was dissected by studying molecular biomarkers of tumour cell response, and revealed that: (i) ERCC1-deficient cells displayed a significant delay in double-strand break repair associated with a profound and prolonged G2/M arrest following PARP1/2 inhibitor treatment; (ii) ERCC1 isoform 202, which has recently been shown to mediate platinum sensitivity, also modulated PARP1/2 sensitivity; (iii) ERCC1-deficiency was epistatic with homologous recombination deficiency, although ERCC1-deficient cells did not display a defect in RAD51 foci formation. This suggests that ERCC1 might be required to process PARP1/2 inhibitor induced DNA lesions prior to DNA strand invasion; and (iv) PARP1 silencing restored PARP1/2 inhibitor resistance in ERCC1-deficient cells but had no effect in ERCC1-proficient cells, supporting the hypothesis that PARP1 might be required for the ERCC1 selectivity of PARP1/2 inhibitors. This study indicated that PARP1/2 inhibitors as a monotherapy could represent a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with ERCC1-deficient tumours, and a clinical protocol is being written to evaluate this hypothesis.To investigate whether a surrogate biomarker of ERCC1 functionality could be developed, four parallel approaches were undertaken in the ERCC1-isogenic NSCLC model: (i) UV irradiation, to evaluate the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) pathway; (ii) whole exome sequencing, to look for an ERCC1-associated genomic scar at the DNA level; (iii) transcriptomic analysis, to investigate changes at the RNA expression level; and (iv) SILAC (Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino acids in Cell culture) analysis, to compare proteomic profiles between ERCC1-proficient and ERCC1-deficient cells. These approaches allowed the identification of putative genomic signature and potential metabolic surrogate biomarkers - guanine deaminase (GDA) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). Further validation and mechanistic investigations of these latter preliminary observations are warranted.

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Orientador: Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano / Resumo: O câncer de pulmão é o câncer que apresenta maior mortalidade no mundo: >1,6 milhões de óbitos por ano segundo a Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS), sendo o câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas (NSCLC) o tipo mais frequente (~ 85%) de carcinoma pulmonar. O NSCLC apresenta dois subtipos histológicos principais: adenocarcinoma (LUAD) e carcinoma de células escamosas (LUSC). Pesquisas têm sido realizadas objetivando identificar biomarcadores moleculares úteis como alvo terapêuticos em NSCLC e os telômeros têm sido considerado alvos promissores para terapias antitumoral, devido ao seu papel crucial na integridade, estabilidade e manutenção genômica. Telômeros humanos consistem em DNA repetitivo rico em G associado a proteínas do complexo shelterin e mantido pela ação da telomerase. Estudos recentes mostraram que a expressão de TERT (subunidade catalítica da telomerase) e de alguns componentes do complexo shelterin estão alterados em câncer de pulmão. No entanto, a correlação entre alterações na função telomérica e o desenvolvimento e progressão de NSCLC não foi elucidada. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar alterações na expressão de genes associados aos telômeros, incluindo os ncRNAs associados à regulação e manutenção dos telômeros em NSCLC, no intuito de identificar novos biomarcadores associados ao desenvolvimento e progressão do NSCLC. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises de expressão de 50 genes associados aos telômeros em amostras de tecido tumoral e... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: According to the World Health Organization, lung cancer has a high mortality rate associated with >1.6 million deaths per year, being Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) the most frequent type (~ 85%) of lung carcinoma. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are the two major histological subtypes of NSCLC. Research efforts have been made to identify molecular biomarkers useful as therapeutic targets in NSCLC and telomere have been considered very promising targets for anticancer therapies due to their crucial role in genome integrity maintenance and stability. Human telomeres consist of repetitive G-rich DNA associated with proteins of the shelterin complex, maintained by the action of telomerase. Recent studies showed that expression of TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase component) and of some of the shelterin components are altered in lung cancer. However, the mechanisms of telomere deregulation associated with NSCLC development and progression have not been elucidated. Therefore, our aim was to study expression changes affecting telomere-associated genes and ncRNAs associated with telomere regulation and maintenance in NSCLC. Such alterations may represent novel biomarkers associated with NSCLC development and progression. For this purpose, expression analyzes of 50 telomere-associated genes were performed in samples of tumor tissue and normal lung tissue, adjacent to the tumor, from patients with NSCLC. The following techniques were used: 1... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

O câncer de pulmão é um dos mais incidentes e letais, e, assim, a busca de novos fármacos é necessária. Atualmente o desenvolvimento de fármacos conta com abordagens computacionais que otimizam este processo. Dado que a fosfatidiletanolamina desempenha importantes papeis fisiológicos e uma das enzimas envolvidas na sua síntese, a CTP:fosfoetanolamina-citidilil-transferase (Pcyt2) é frequentemente superexpressa em células de câncer de pulmão, no presente trabalho, foram avaliados o potencial terapêutico de CHY-1, um análogo da miltefosina desenvolvido como inibidor da enzima Pcyt2, e os mecanismos inerentes à sua atividade antitumoral. O CHY-1 apresentou citotoxicidade superior ao seu protótipo e a outro inibidor da enzima Pcyt2, a meclizina. Além disso, as células malignas foram mais sensíveis ao CHY-1 do que as células não-tumorigênicas. Em conclusão, o presente trabalho evidencia o potencial do CHY-1 como um inibidor da enzima Pcyt2 e candidato a fármaco com atividade preferencial para câncer de pulmão. / Lung cancer is one of the most incident and lethal cancers, thus, the pursuit for new drugs is necessary. Nowadays, new drugs development has computational tools that improves this process. Once that phosphatidylethanolamine plays several important physiological roles and one of the enzymes of its production pathway, CTP:phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (Pcyt2), is usually overexpressed in lung cancer cells, therefore, this study aimed was to evaluate the antitumor effects of CHY-1, a miltefosine analogue developed as an inhibitor of Pcyt2 enzyme, and to investigate the mechanisms related to its antitumor action. CHY-1 was more cytotoxicity than its prototype, miltefosine, and was more cytotoxic than another inhibitor Pcyt2 enzyme, meclizine. Morevover, malignant cells were more sensitive to CHY-1 effects than non-tumorigenic cells. In conclusion, this work presents CHY-1 as an inhibitor of Pcyt2 enzyme and new candidate a drug with preferential activity on NSCLC cells.

<p>A multitude of neurologic diseases are increasing in patients that both diminish quality and quantity of life. My dissertation research focused on unraveling the blood-brain barrier’s alterations (BBB), primarily in lung cancer brain metastases, the most common brain metastasis in patients. We optimized a reliable and reproducible mouse model for creating brain metastases using patient derived brain seeking cells of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) using ultrasound-guided intracardiac injection. I then evaluated brain tissue with qualitative and quantitative immunofluorescence for individual components of the BBB. Using this experimental method, I was able to identify the specific shift of each BBB component over time in NSCLC brain metastases. I then used human brain metastases specimens to demonstrate the clinical relevance of my findings. These results show distinct alterations in the BBB, which have the potential for targeting therapeutic delivery to extend patient survival. I was also able to characterize a novel epithelial-mesenchymal (EMT) phenotype in vertebral metastases of NSCLC in our model, with features similar to those seen in human patients. Most recently, I analyzed patterns of paracellular permeability associated with each BBB component of NSCLC brain metastases which may provide direct passageways for therapeutic delivery. Altogether, this research offered foundational evidence for the future development of targeted novel therapeutics, including nanoparticles. Outside of the brain metastases field, we used an experimental framework to successfully characterize the BBB alterations in a traumatic brain injury model (bTBI). These findings provided the first description of this unique pathology and the framework for developing therapeutics in other neurologic diseases. Although my research work has focused on animal models of disease, future directions based on my research work include the developing a novel 3D BBB-on-chip device to enable high throughput novel therapeutic delivery through the BBB. Long-term, identifying targetable alterations in the restrictive BBB using <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models provides a potential conduit for effective prevention and treatment of a myriad of neurologic diseases to prolong patient survival and quality of life.</p>