Thesis advisor: Richard Lennan / Thesis advisor: Dominic Doyle / Religion is central and vital for an Igbo person. No Igbo person exists in isolation from his/her community. An indigenous and traditional Igbo society is communal; it does not entertain any sense of individuality. But the coming of the missionaries broke into this communal bond with a new religion that threatened the traditional society when it began to exalt the individual soul. The Nigerian author, Chinua Achebe, in his book Things Fall Apart, portrays a situation in which an African indigenous missionary (Mr. Kiaga) succeeds in separating a son (Nwoye) from his African parent (Okonkwu) so that the son can become a Christian and be saved. But alone? As the son leaves his parents’ house for the mission compound the missionary quotes the Bible, “Blessed is he who forsakes his father and mother for my sake…” Achebe’s story depicts a situation in which the family is utterly divided as a result of the parents’ or their children’s conversion to Christianity. At this point, things fall apart. The pivotal core of the traditional Igbo society cannot hold again. The majority of the missionaries saw African religion from within their Western understanding and concluded that it was heathen, anti-Christian, and repulsive. African societies started to disintegrate when traditional religion was attacked. A rift occurs between the family and the extended family. Instead of bringing reconciliation and understanding, Christianity in this case brings division. This is because converts were instructed to leave everything behind, including families, for the sake of the gospel. But the Igbo Traditional Religion looked at life in a holistic way. There was no contradiction between sacred and profane, hence many people were horrified when the first converts wanted to set themselves apart, away from other members of the community. This is why inculturation is important, as it enables the Igbo Christian to see and experience life in a holistic manner without doing needless violence to cultural values. The failure of the early missionaries to inculturate the cultural values of the people is the conundrum. The result raises some theological problems. In the attempt to ascertain a balance, most times, the Christians in Africa, particularly in Igboland, find themselves oscillating between Christianity and African Traditional Religion (ATR). The need for a reconciliation is long overdue. It is best given a lasting, concrete and a dialogical chance through inculturation. / Thesis (STL) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. School of Theology and Ministry. / Discipline: Sacred Theology.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Med.))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Health Sciences, 1991

This study aims to explore the experiences of traditional healers who work in a hospital environment in a different capacity. A secondary aim of this inquiry is to look at how participants' perceptions of the interface between traditional and modern medicine in a hospital context influences their practices as both traditional healers and hospital employees. A snowball sampling strategy was employed and five suitable participants were identified through referral and post-interview selection. Participants were selected from a sample of South African-born women who have experienced an ancestral calling and initiation into African traditional healing, have been initiated as an Inyanga/iSangoma (diviner), and are presently working in a different vocational capacity in a hospital environment. All participants work and reside in Gauteng. Data was collected through two semi-structured interviews per participant. Interviews were based on an interview guide. In looking at participants' experience as traditional healers who work in a hospital and how their perceptions on the interface between traditional and modern medicine influence their traditional healing practices, four research questions have been identified: 1. How do participants perceive themselves as a traditional healer? 2. How do participants perceive and experience their work in the hospital? 3. How do participants perceive the interface between traditional and modern approaches to healing in a hospital context? 4. How do participants experience the perceptions of others at work? A qualitative approach was adopted in order to gain an in-depth understanding of participants' experiences. Data analysis was guided by narrative and thematic approaches. Thus results are presented in accordance with principles of narrative and thematic content analysis. Interpretation of data focused on the ways in which these women relate to their role as traditional healer in a different vocational capacity and how their perceptions reflect a broader dialogue on the relationship between traditional and modern healing modalities in a modern health care context. Participants felt empowered by some colleagues who consulted them on traditional healing skills and applied them to patients without constraint upon their working duties. All felt they needed their jobs to support a decent living as full-time work as traditional healers would not provide for all their needs. Implications for future research and collaboration between western and traditional healing systems are considered.

In South Africa, indigenous plant species are used and traded for traditional medicine (muthi) and so are alien plant species. A literature review of 40 previous studies and survey work at various outlets, including muthi markets and muthi shops in Johannesburg, Durban and Pretoria, found that 320 alien plant species are used and/or sold for traditional medicine in South Africa. Fifty three of the 320 species were found to have weed and/or invader status. Surveys at Faraday and Warwick muthi markets in Johannesburg and Durban respectively as well as muthi shops in Johannesburg, Durban and Pretoria were conducted from October 2010 to February 2011. The following aspects regarding the plant material traded were recorded: the differences in the number of volumes traded; the differences in the number of alien species sold in the markets and shops (and also in Indian and Black-owned shops); the source and origins of these and the viability of propagules sold in the muthi trade. The surveys found that 49 alien plant species were sold and approximately 87 x 50kg-size bags of alien plant material was present in the markets and shops during the time of the survey. Muthi shops sold more than double the number of alien plant species than were sold in the markets and the same result was found for Indian versus Black-owned shops. Alien species were either harvested in South Africa, predominantly in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), or imported from India. Indian-owned muthi shops sold more species imported from India than alien species that were naturalised and harvested in South Africa. In contrast, the majority of alien species sold at markets and Black-owned shops were harvested in KZN. Viability tests found that 24% of alien plant species sold in this study had greater than 50% viability. Six invasive species are traded in low volumes with viable propagules sold for five of these, highlighting a possibility of spreading through the traditional medicine trade. The study concluded that the total trade in alien plant species is trivial in comparison to the trade of indigenous plant species.

The relationship between human activity and the environment has created ecological, socio-economic and cultural patterns and feedback mechanisms that govern the presence, distribution and abundance of plant species assemblages. The trade in traditional medicinal plants in South Africa is estimated to be worth approximately R2.9 billion per year with 27 million consumers throughout the country. Bulbous species compose about 14% of the traded medicinal plant species in South Africa, however the majority of research at the species or generic level has concentrated on a limited number of life forms and plant parts and the ecological consequences of harvest and use of commonly used bulb species is poorly known. Ethnobotanical studies generally focus on ‘ethnospecies’ – i.e. the traditional name that a species may be known by. Species-specific evidence of the effects of trade and harvest is needed to provide more clarity on the implications of trade, especially since increased commercialisation of medicinal plants has often resulted in over-harvesting and, in severe cases, near extinction of valued indigenous plants. The overall aim of this study was to determine the ecological consequences, as well as some of the economic implications of harvesting important bulb species for the regional medicinal plant trade. Traditional medicinal bulb species are susceptible to over-exploitation because they are destructively harvested in large quantities. Four perennial bulbous genera were surveyed: two within the Amaryllidaceae (Boophone and Crinum) and two in the Hyacinthaceae (Bowiea and Drimia). Some discrepancies were noted where traders and traditional healers recognised species that have been synonymised by taxonomists. In order to understand the impacts of all recognised forms, original nomenclature was used to describe different bulb forms that had been synonymised. The proposed ‘functional taxonomy’ does not aim to re-examine the taxonomic revisions by previous taxonomists but rather provides a way to identify forms that have no accepted species name. In this way, the impacts on harvesting of different bulb forms can be quantified. Based on this functional taxonomy, the genus name Urginea has been used although Urginea is currently synonymised under Drimia. However, this is only to describe the different bulb form and is not meant to replace the current taxonomic nomenclature. Surveys were conducted in two national level and two small regional level markets to determine the impacts of trade. Bulb characteristics were described and used together with taxonomic literature to produce a key to bulbous species commonly traded in the markets of South Africa. Distribution data and other important information were collected and combined to provide species-specific information. Identification based on vegetative characteristics was possible, with certain features being more useful than others for creating a key. The most useful identification characteristic was the bulb scale type in the Hyacinthaceae together with bulb shape and colour, while bulb size was least useful. For the Amaryllidaceae, bulb colour and characteristics such as tunics cannot always be used due to similarities between species. However, bulb size and shape are helpful indicators and can group species into classes of similar species. Leaf characteristics are very important and may be the only way to accurately identify some species. The adaptation of taxonomic information and previous keys into more ‘vegetative’ friendly keys can provide ethnoecologists with an identification tool not solely based on ethnospecies name. The ability to identify species will allow ethnoecologists to provide more comprehensive assessments on the impact of the trade. The diameter of bulbs sold at Faraday market (Johannesburg), Warwick market (Durban) and smaller Free State markets were recorded for four genera (Bowiea, Boophone, Crinum, and Drimia – including Urginea forms), and the data were used in a variety of ways to determine the effects of trade. Populations of species of anthropogenic importance should show a corresponding decrease in the frequency of individuals in large size-classes and a decreased number of size-classes with time. Size-class distributions of Drimia delagoensis and Bowiea volubilis followed an inverse J-shaped curve, often indicative of a regenerating population (high frequency of small bulbs); however, in this case intense harvesting pressure has resulted in a highly skewed population structure. High rates of harvesting will ultimately result in regeneration failure because smaller bulbs are unable to reach maturity before harvest. All species studied tended towards smaller mean market bulb diameters over time. These trends suggest that without appropriate mitigation, bulb populations will be further impacted in the future. Bulb diameters in the market were also smaller than diameter records collected from herbarium material and literature records. Bowiea volubilis is the most severely impacted by the medicinal plant trade, with approximately 87% of bulbs <4cm in diameter, and significantly smaller than both bulb diameters in medicinal plant markets in 2001 (p<0.0001) and pressed bulbs from several herbaria (p<0.0001). The large bulbed Amaryllidaceae species Boophone disticha and Crinum species also showed a decrease in bulb diameter between the 2001 and 2007 Faraday surveys (by 1.5cm and 2.7cm, respectively), while Urginea epigea (Hyacinthaceae) showed a 1.2cm decrease in mean size in 6 years. Traditional healers, traders and harvesters can provide a wealth of information on species populations in the wild. Trader and harvester preferences may affect the impact of harvesting and trade on wild populations. Information on trader/harvester preferences and perceptions was gathered from Warwick and Free State markets. Overall, the average earnings per month per trader selling medicinal plants were low (approximately R833 in Warwick and R2,100 in Free State). Bulb species contributed 10-40% of the total earnings per trader at Warwick and 10-50% in the Free State markets. The relatively large contributions of bulb species to trader incomes emphasise the importance of popular bulb species economically and socially. The number of bulbs (equivalent in size to the mean bulb diameter) harvested annually was large and provides an order of magnitude estimate of harvesting impacts on medicinal plant species populations. The number of Drimia elata harvested was greatest in the Free State (between 600,000 and 1,400,000 dependent on estimation method). In Warwick, species sold in the largest quantities were D. robusta, Crinum species, B. volubilis and U. epigea (approximately 400,000 – based on actual volume). The high variability of number of bulbs harvested between traders suggests that these numbers should be treated with caution. The number of populations required and the rate of population regeneration needed to sustain harvesting for the traditional medicine trade is extremely high; and, without mitigating factors, the increased commercialisation of the medicinal plant industry may have potentially dramatic, negative implications on popular bulb populations. Social surveys and ethnobotanical work in local markets are the first steps in understanding patterns of demand for particular plant species, and integrated with population structure and size-class distributions, it allows for an amalgamated and complex awareness of the impacts of resource harvesting. With over 30,000 species of animals and plants that are detrimentally affected by trade worldwide, market surveys are increasingly important to provide information on the extent of trade. The varied data collected in this study included: size-class distributions, temporal changes in bulb diameter, volume and number of bulbs harvested, economic value and trader perceptions. Overall, the results suggested that all species studied were negatively impacted by harvesting to various degrees. In South Africa, harvest and trade is sometimes the only form of income generation and harvest can threaten species populations. By quantifying the volume, value and the number of individuals harvested for bulb species, together with perceived scarcity and popularity and place of harvest, a better understanding of the state of the resource-base has been provided. Continued use of market surveys as monitoring tools is important, because in the current (2011) socio-economic context of South Africa, trade and harvest is likely to increase.

Orientador: Nelson Russo de Moraes / Coorientador: Rodrigo Lilla Manzione / Coorientador: Raúl Andres Martinez Uribe / Resumo: Em um contexto planetário marcado pela crescente degradação do meio ambiente e pelo surgimento de novos modelos de relações sociais, especialmente tangidas pelos fenômenos da globalização e da internet, as comunidades tradicionais se diferenciam no estabelecimento de relações sociais que possam trazer a sustentação econômica e manutenção de seu território, contudo existem elementos que precisam ser melhor elucidados nessa convergência de interesses entre sociedade urbana de consumo e comunidades rurais produtoras, mas que por suas características tradicionais trazem ainda o condicionante cultural à complexidade dessas relações. Esta pesquisa de mestrado contribui com uma seara teórica em estruturação e que trata sobre o desenvolvimento de comunidades tradicionais, neste sentido delimita como problema de pesquisa "quais os impactos sociais da transição de modelos agrícolas em comunidades tradicionais?". É uma pesquisa do tipo descritiva com abordagem qualitativa, que centrando-se à dialética complexa do desenvolvimento de comunidades adota o estudo de caso como estratégia de investigação. Foram realizadas ampla exploração bibliográfica e documental, visitas in loco para observação sistemática e entrevistas com moradores da comunidade, utilizando-se de questionário com pautas semiestruturadas. A técnica de interpretação de dados foi a triangulação de métodos utilizados e de informações coletadas. A comunidade tradicional de geraizeiros do Povoado Matinha, município tocantinense... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In a global context characterized by the increasing degradation of the environment and the appearance of new models of social relations, especially touched by the phenomena of globalization and the internet, traditional communities are differentiated in the establishment of social relations that can bring economic sustenance and maintenance of its territory. However, there are elements that need to be better elucidated in this convergence of interests between urban consumption society and producing rural communities, but by their traditional characteristics still bring the cultural conditioning to the complexity of these relationships. This research contributes with a theoretical aspect in structuring and that deals with the development of traditional communities, in this sense delimits as a research problem "what are the social impacts of the transition of agricultural models in to traditional communities?". It is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach, which focuses on the complex dialectic of community development adopts the case study as a research strategy. There were realized extensive bibliographical and documentary explorations, on-site visits for systematic observation and interviews with residents of the community, using a questionnaire with semi-structured guidelines. The technique of data interpretation was the combination of methods used and information collected. The traditional community of "geraizeiros do Povoado Matinha", a municipality of Guaraí ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

A safety study was then carried out in VIVO III normal pregnant mice. The most commonly used single herb, Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome, at relevant clinical doses was administered orally to the pregnant animals at different or throughout gestational periods, beneficial and adverse effects on both mothers and offspring were studied. At higher clinical dosage, significant decreased maternal weight, fetal/neonatal growth and weight; and significant increased incidences of fetal resorption, congenital caudal regression and hip dysplasia were recorded . Bone CT examination and skeleton staining confirmed congenital skeleton abnormality, including shoulder joint dislocation, congenital absence of ulna and distal digits, oligodactyly, long bone shortening, congenital hip dislocation and caudal regression In vitro whole embryo culture confirmed that Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome induced abnormal limb development during early development. Molecular study suggested the effects of Largehead Atractylodes Rhizome on Tbx suppression for early limb development. / For more than 3,000 years of history, Traditional Chinese Medicine has been used in pregnant women. Nowadays, it is principally applied in Mainland China but has become more and more widely used worldwide to promote both mothers ' and fetuses ' health and treat common pregnancy disorders. / Over 3,000 publications were identified and selected to assess Chinese medicines for pregnancy, including their indications, contraindications, formulae , individual medicines, regimes, effectiveness , efficacy, safety, adverse effects and toxicity. Amongst all clinical applications, threatened miscarriage was the most common clinical indication. Shou Tai Pill, containing 4 major herbal medicines Chinese Dodder Seed, Chinese Taxillus Twig, Donkey-hide Glue, and Himalayan Teasel Root, was the most commonly used formula in preventing miscarriage and promoting pregnancy. The top 10 most frequently prescribed single herbal medicines in wide variety of formulas were identified. The average clinical dose for each medicine ranged from 6g to 28g daily, however the dosage of Chinese medicines was not significantly correlated with its overall efficacy. Randomized controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of the medicines were selected for meta-analysis. The results showed Chinese medicines in combination with other pharmaceuticals were more effective to improve the clinical outcomes of threatened miscarriages than other pharmaceuticals. No specific safety problem was reported, but potential adverse and toxic effects on reproductive system by certain medicines were identified from other publications. / To date, no data are available to provide an overview of Chinese medicines in pregnancy. In the first part of this study, the clinical applications, and therapeutic effects and safety of Chinese medicines for pregnancy were reviewed and studied. In the second part of this study, the safety of most commonly used Chinese medicine during pregnancy was studied in pregnancy animal models, in vivo and in vitro. / Li, Lu. / Adviser: Wang Chi Chiu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-04, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 299-330). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

by Cho Chi Shing. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. / Includes bibliographical references. / Acknowledgements --- p.I / Table of Contents --- p.II / Abbreviations --- p.VII / Aim and Scope of This Dissertation --- p.X / Abstract --- p.XII / Chapter Chapter One --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- An Overview of the Immune System --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Humoral antibody immune responses --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Cell-mediated immune responses --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Immunomodulation --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- An Overview of the Anti-tumour Strategies --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Immunological defense mechanisms against tumours --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- T and B lymphocytes --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- The monocytes/macrophages --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Non-specific killer cells --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adoptive immunotherapy against tumours --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Induction of tumour cell differentiation --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4 --- Traditional Chinese Medicines as Potential Immunomodulators and Anti-tumour Agents --- p.13 / Chapter 1.5 --- General Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.16 / Chapter Chapter Two --- Materials and Methods --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Animals --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Astragalus membranaceus --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- "Buffers, culture media and chemicals" --- p.20 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Cell lines --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction and fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Characterization of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- In vivo drug treatment --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Isolation and preparation of cells --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Assays for the immunomodulatory activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- Assays for the immunorestorative properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.42 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Assays for the anti-tumour activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.43 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.47 / Chapter Chapter Three --- "Extraction, Fractionation and Characterization of Bioactive Components from Astragalus membranaceus" --- p.49 / Introduction --- p.49 / Results --- p.50 / Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.50 / Chapter 3.2 --- Lack of Cytotoxicity of A.M. to Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Mitogenic Effect of A.M. Fractions on Mouse Splenocytes --- p.51 / Chapter 3.4 --- AP and AI Fractions Did Not Exhibit Lectin-like Activity --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5 --- Heat Stability of AP and AI Fractions --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Chemical Destruction of the Mitogenic Activity of AI by Sodium Periodate But Not by Acetic Acid Treatment --- p.53 / Discussion --- p.54 / Chapter Chapter Four --- The Immunomodulatory Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.63 / Introduction --- p.63 / Results --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1 --- Effect of Astragalus membranaceus on the Specific and Nonspecific Immunity --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vivo --- p.65 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte sub-populations --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Co-mitogenic effect of AI on mouse splenocytes in vitro --- p.66 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Enhancement of the mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation in vitro by oral administration of AI --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- Mitogenic and co-mitogenic effects of AI on human cord blood lymphocytes in vitro --- p.67 / Chapter 4.1.6 --- Primary humoral immune response to SRBC in AI-treated mice --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.7 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 production --- p.68 / Chapter 4.1.8 --- Effect of AI on interleukin-2 receptor expression on mouse splenocytes --- p.69 / Chapter 4.1.9 --- Immunopotentiating effects of AI on macrophage functions --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.1 --- Effect of AI on the cytostatic activity of macrophages in vitro --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.2 --- In vivo migration and phagocytic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.70 / Chapter 4.1.9.3 --- Cytostatic activity of macrophages in AI-treated mice --- p.71 / Chapter 4.1.9.4 --- Effect of AI on the Fc receptor expression on mouse resident peritoneal exudate cells --- p.71 / Chapter 4.2 --- Immunorestorative Properties of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in aging mice --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in tumour-bearing mice --- p.72 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Effect of AI on lymphocyte blastogenesis in cyclophosphamide- treated mice --- p.73 / Discussion --- p.74 / Chapter Chapter Five --- The Anti-tumour Activities of Astragalus membranaceus --- p.94 / Introduction --- p.94 / Results --- p.95 / Chapter 5.1 --- Lack of Direct Cytotoxicity of AI to Murine and Human Tumour Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.95 / Chapter 5.2 --- Cytostatic Effect of AI on Various Murine and Human Cell Lines In Vitro --- p.96 / Chapter 5.3 --- Effect of AI on the Growth of Transplantable Tumour Cells In Vivo --- p.97 / Chapter 5.4 --- Effect of AI on TNF Production in Tumour-bearing Mice --- p.97 / Chapter 5.5 --- In Vitro Induction of Lymphokine-activated Killer Cell Activity by AI --- p.98 / Chapter 5.6 --- Tumour Cell Differentiation-inducing Activity of AI --- p.99 / Discussion --- p.100 / Chapter Chapter Six --- General Discussion and Future Perspectives --- p.120 / References --- p.130

朱少佳. / "2009年9月". / "2009 nian 9 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-85). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhu Shaojia. / 致謝辭 --- p.i / 中文摘要 --- p.iii / 英文搞要 --- p.v / 中英名詞對照表 --- p.viii / 目錄 --- p.ix / 表目錄 --- p.xii / 圖表目錄 --- p.xiv / Chapter 第壹章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第一節 --- 功能性消化不良的歷史源流與進展 --- p.1 / Chapter 1 --- FD流行病學硏究 --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- FD帶來的經濟負擔與健康影響 --- p.2 / Chapter 3 --- FD診斷標準的發展 --- p.2 / Chapter 甲 --- Colin-Jones診斷標準 --- p.2 / Chapter 乙 --- 羅馬I診斷標準 --- p.2 / Chapter 丙 --- 羅馬II診斷標準 --- p.3 / Chapter 丁 --- 羅馬III診斷標準 --- p.4 / Chapter 第二節 --- FD的病理生理學硏究 --- p.5 / Chapter 1 --- 胃酸分泌量異常 --- p.5 / Chapter 2 --- 胃動力障礙 --- p.6 / Chapter 甲 --- 胃排空延遲 --- p.6 / Chapter 乙 --- 近端胃受容性及收縮異常 --- p.6 / Chapter 丙 --- 遠端胃部與十二指腸活動異常 --- p.7 / Chapter 丁 --- 胃電節律紊亂 --- p.7 / Chapter 3 --- 胃感覺異常 --- p.8 / Chapter 4 --- 感染與發炎 --- p.8 / Chapter 甲 --- 幽門螺旋菌 --- p.8 / Chapter 乙 --- 急性細菌性胃腸炎 --- p.9 / Chapter 第三節 --- 中醫學對FD的認識 --- p.9 / Chapter 第四節 --- FD的飲食及生活習慣建議 --- p.11 / Chapter 第五節 --- 可能影響FD的因素 --- p.14 / Chapter 1 --- 年齡 --- p.11 / Chapter 2 --- 性 别 --- p.11 / Chapter 3 --- 社會經濟狀況或失業 --- p.11 / Chapter 4 --- 教育程度 --- p.12 / Chapter 5 --- 輪班 --- p.12 / Chapter 6 --- 精神心理狀態 --- p.12 / Chapter 7 --- 飲食生活習慣 --- p.12 / Chapter 第六節 --- FD的治療 --- p.14 / Chapter 1 --- FD西醫藥的治療 --- p.14 / Chapter 2 --- FD中醫藥的治療 --- p.15 / Chapter 第七節 --- 硏究目的 --- p.17 / Chapter 第貳章 --- 硏究問卷與方法 --- p.17 / Chapter 第一節 --- 定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 1 --- 嚴重消化不良症狀定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 2 --- 工作、生活、飲食習慣定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 3 --- 可能影響FD的因素、相關因素、較強相關因素定義 --- p.17 / Chapter 4 --- 公立專科門診FD病人、社區未經檢查FD病人、健康人定義… --- p.17 / Chapter 第二節 --- 問卷 --- p.18 / Chapter 1 --- 功能性消化不良與有關因素問卷 --- p.19 / Chapter 2 --- 中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.19 / Chapter 第三節 --- 調查方法 --- p.19 / Chapter 1 --- 電話訪問調查 --- p.20 / Chapter 2 --- 公立專科門診病人調查 --- p.21 / Chapter 甲 --- 病例入選標準 --- p.22 / Chapter 乙 --- 病例排除標準 --- p.22 / Chapter 3 --- 統計學分析方法 --- p.22 / Chapter 第叁章 --- 結果 --- p.24 / Chapter 第一節 --- 電話訪問調查 --- p.24 / Chapter 1 --- 香港FD人口患病率 --- p.24 / Chapter 2 --- FD相關因素調查 --- p.25 / Chapter 甲 --- FD羅馬II診斷標準的相關因素調查 --- p.26 / Chapter 乙 --- FD羅馬III診斷標準的相關因素調查 --- p.33 / Chapter 丙 --- FD羅馬II與FD羅馬III診斷標準相關因素比較 --- p.39 / Chapter 丁 --- 嚴重消化不良症狀的相關因素 --- p.40 / Chapter 第二節 --- 公立專科門診病人調查 --- p.48 / Chapter 1 --- FD病人中醫辨證分型分析 --- p.57 / Chapter 2 --- FD西醫分型分佈規律 --- p.60 / Chapter 3 --- FD病人的幽門螺旋菌感染分佈 --- p.61 / Chapter 4 --- 社區未經檢查FD病人與公立專科門診FD病人比較 --- p.62 / Chapter 5 --- 公立專科門診FD病人、社區未經檢查FD病人與健康人比較 --- p.65 / Chapter 第肆章 --- 總結及討論 --- p.67 / 參考文獻 --- p.75 / 附錄 --- p.86 / 附錄甲：功能性消化不良與相關因素問卷 --- p.87 / 附錄乙：中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.98 / 附錄丙：電話調查問卷 --- p.104 / 附錄丁 ：病人資料及同意書 --- p.120 / 附錄戊：因素變數列表 --- p.124 / 附錄己：100例FD病人舌象、脈象及其他特徵性症狀記錄…… --- p.128

沈成豪. / "2007年8月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves 57-65). / "2007 nian 8 yue". / Abstract also in English. / Shen Chenghao. / Lun wen (Zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves 57-65). / 目錄 --- p.2 / 表格目錄 --- p.5 / 感謝 --- p.6 / 摘要 --- p.7 / Abstract --- p.8 / 目的 --- p.9 / Chapter 一. --- 背景 --- p.9 / Chapter 1. --- 消化不良的槪念 --- p.9 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良流行病學資料 --- p.11 / Chapter 3. --- 功能性消化不良的醫療開支以及相關的經濟損失 --- p.12 / Chapter 4. --- 功能性消化不良的病理 --- p.13 / Chapter 5. --- 功能性消化不良的藥物治療 --- p.16 / Chapter 二. --- 中醫藥與功能性消化不良 --- p.17 / Chapter 三. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫硏究文獻回顧 --- p.20 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良與中醫證型的相關硏究 --- p.20 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫臨床辨證規律 --- p.20 / Chapter 3. --- 中醫脾胃病專家對功能性消化不良的見解 --- p.25 / Chapter 4. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫診療標準 --- p.26 / Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.27 / 臥床資料 --- p.28 / Chapter 一. --- 病例選擇標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良的西醫診斷標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 2. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫證候診斷標準 --- p.28 / Chapter 二. --- 硏究對象 --- p.31 / Chapter 1. --- 病例來源 --- p.31 / Chapter 2. --- 病例入選標準 --- p.31 / Chapter 3. --- 病例排除標準 --- p.31 / Chapter 三. --- 觀察方法 --- p.32 / Chapter 四. --- 數據處理 --- p.32 / Chapter 五. --- 統計學處理 --- p.33 / 結果 --- p.34 / Chapter 一. --- 一般流行病學資料 --- p.34 / Chapter 二. --- 功能性消化不良亞型的分布 --- p.36 / Chapter 三. --- 功能性消化不良的中醫證型分類硏究 --- p.37 / Chapter 1. --- 功能性消化不良中醫證型分布 --- p.37 / Chapter 2. --- 性別與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.38 / Chapter 3. --- 年齢與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.40 / Chapter 4. --- 病程與中醫證型分布的關係 --- p.42 / Chapter 5. --- 功能性消化不良的亞型與中醫證型硏究 --- p.44 / Chapter 四. --- 功能性消化不良的症狀分析 --- p.46 / Chapter 1. --- 胃脘部症狀分析 --- p.46 / Chapter 2. --- 胃脘其他症狀分析 --- p.47 / 討論 --- p.48 / 結論 --- p.55 / 展望及日後工作 --- p.56 / 參考文獻 --- p.57 / 附錄一：中醫胃病症狀觀察表格 --- p.66 / 附錄二：功能性消化不良中醫證候硏究病人同意書 --- p.73