The high infant mortality in Zambia is largely attributable to malnutrition. It is exacerbated by the inability of mothers to recognise threats to nutritional status and take corrective action. Advice in ‘Health Centres’ is often inaccessible to mothers. The Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs) work with pregnant women in local communities, and the purpose of this study was to develop and implement an educationprogram in growth monitoring and nutrition for the TBAs and then to evaluate its effects. Twenty five TBAs from two peri-urban areas of Kitwe were enrolled in this pilot study and eighteen completed the program. The researcher developed and taught a program to the TBAs over ten days. A pretest was given before the teaching program to enable the researcher to obtain information about the knowledge and skills of the TBAs. Following the teaching program the TBAs were re-tested, with the same questionnaire. Focus groups were conducted to enable the TBA to provide information on the teaching materials and the education program. The TBAs then returned to their communities and put into practice the skills and knowledge they had learned for six months. Their practice was monitored by a trained Public Health Nurse. The researcher also surveyed 38 pregnant women about their knowledge of growth monitoring and nutrition before the TBAs went into the field to work with their local communities. The same questionnaire used with the pregnant women was administered to 38 new mothers with children aged 0 to 6 months to gain information of their knowledge and skills following the work of the TBAs. The program was evaluated by assessing the extent to which TBAs knowledge and skills were increased, the knowledge and understanding of a selection of their clients and the rates of malnutrition of infants in the area under study. The results from the research clearly indicated that the teaching program on growth monitoring and nutrition given to the selected group of TBAs had a positive effect on their knowledge and skills. It was found that the teaching developed their knowledge, practical skills, evaluative skills. That they were able to give infants’ mothers sound advice regarding their children’s nutrition was revealed by the mother’s increased knowledge and the decrease in numbers of malnourished children in the study areas at the conclusion of the research. The major outcomes from the study are: that Zambian TBAs can be taught to carry out an expanded role; field experience is a key factor in the teaching program; making advice available in local communities is important; and preliminary data on the Zambian experience were generated. Recommendations are: The pilot program should be expanded with continuing support from the Health Department. Similar educational programs should be introduced into other areas of Zambia with support from the Ministry of Health. That in administering a teaching program: Sufficient time must be allocated to practical work to allow poorly educated women to attain the basic skills needed to master the complex skills required to competently reduce faltering in their communities. The teaching materials to illustrate nutritional principles for feeding programs must be developed to suite locally available foods and conditions. Methods of teaching should suit the local area, for example, using what facilities are locally available. The timing of the teaching program should be suitable for the TBAs to attend. This may vary from area to area, for example it may be necessary to avoid times traditionally given to fetching water or working in the fields. For similar reasons, the venue for the teaching program should be suitable to the TBAs. The teachers should go into the TBAs’ community rather than causing disruption of the TBAs’ day by expecting them to go to the teacher. Data should be collected from a larger group of TBAs and clients to enable sophisticated statistical analysis to complement data from this pilot program. The TBAs should be given recognition for their work and achievement. This is something which they asked for. They do not ask for payment, rather acknowledgment through regular follow up and approbation.

<p>The intention of the study is to evaluate the risk of artemisinin in early pregnancy through the use of a qualitative research approach, with a focus on rural women in Babati District, Manyara Region, Tanzania.</p><p>Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) is the most effective and recommended antimalarial treatment at the present. Artemisinin compounds are extracted from <em>Artemisia annua</em><em>, </em>a plant which has been used as an herbal medical treatment in China for 2000 years.</p><p>Except few side-effects, there have not been any reports on medical problems due to artemisinin intake during pregnancy. On the other hand, artemisinin tested on animals have revealed that complications such as death of embryos are possible during pregnancy, why more research is needed concerning artemisinin safety in first trimester of pregnancy.</p><p>However, evaluating the risk of artemisinin in pregnancy is referred as complex, when numerous factors could contribute to e.g. fetal loss, abnormalities, or wrong medication. Cultural and economical aspects have to be considered when designing a monitoring system, to enable effective registration of drug quality and drug intake, and follow-up study of mother and child. Accessibility, affordability, possibility and knowledge, are other significant related aspects that have to be managed to eliminate the risk of artemisinin in early pregnancy.</p><p> </p><p><strong></strong></p><p> </p><p> </p>

No description available.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio State University, 2002. / Adviser: Richard H. Moore. Includes bibliographical references.

By analyzing my three composition works, the thesis is to discuss the creative ideas of contemporary compositions for Chinese traditional instruments, and to explore musical styles and thoughts of contemporary compositions for Chinese traditional instruments. These three compositions, ¡§Dialogue¡¨, written for erhu and yangqin, ¡§Yangqin Capriccio¡¨, written for yangqin and zheng, and ¡§Yunya¡¨, written for four Chinese traditional instruments and four western instruments, combine the composition techniques of Western music and the emphasis on the concept of lines and timbre of the East, and transform thoughts of traditional music into innovative spirit of contemporary music. Using traditional music and traditional instruments as the main elements of music is one way of composing for many contemporary Eastern composers. In addition to inputting the idea of traditional music into works, composers experiment their own musical thoughts in the music, as well as combining the composition techniques and theory of the Western modern music. This new way of composing has opened up a different world for the Chinese traditional music and instruments, and has shown great varieties of music.

The intention of the study is to evaluate the risk of artemisinin in early pregnancy through the use of a qualitative research approach, with a focus on rural women in Babati District, Manyara Region, Tanzania. Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy (ACT) is the most effective and recommended antimalarial treatment at the present. Artemisinin compounds are extracted from Artemisia annua, a plant which has been used as an herbal medical treatment in China for 2000 years. Except few side-effects, there have not been any reports on medical problems due to artemisinin intake during pregnancy. On the other hand, artemisinin tested on animals have revealed that complications such as death of embryos are possible during pregnancy, why more research is needed concerning artemisinin safety in first trimester of pregnancy. However, evaluating the risk of artemisinin in pregnancy is referred as complex, when numerous factors could contribute to e.g. fetal loss, abnormalities, or wrong medication. Cultural and economical aspects have to be considered when designing a monitoring system, to enable effective registration of drug quality and drug intake, and follow-up study of mother and child. Accessibility, affordability, possibility and knowledge, are other significant related aspects that have to be managed to eliminate the risk of artemisinin in early pregnancy.

No description available.

With the knowledge that risk has become an omnipresent concept used to understand various social problems, this study aims to fill a perceived gap in literature by investigating the way in which risk discourse is applied to understand different categories of crime, namely traditional crime and corporate crime. It is hypothesized that risk logic is heavily applied to the understanding of traditional crime, with minimal attribution to conversations surrounding corporate crime. The pervasiveness of risk as a technique or tactic of government renders the study of its application to different types of crime an important addition to the existing risk literature. Using the method of a comparative content analysis, the parallels and discrepancies between the ways in which risk is used to discuss traditional and corporate crime by Canadian federal criminal justice organizations are explored. The results indicate a lack of focus on risk logic with respect to corporate crime, but demonstrate that risk discourse is perhaps not altogether absent from corporate crime discussions.

The Saulteaux Nation is comprised of 7 major clans the larger of which is the Bear Clan. This thesis examines the holistic philosophy of the Saulteaux world view and the oral teachings of the Bear Clan. The teachings, which emphasize the nature of healing and personal growth, were related by Elder Danny Musqua to myself from within the context of traditional Bear Clan ceremonies and practices. This thesis documents my journey to understand these teachings and in the process to arrive at a deeper understanding of self. This is done within the context of Bear Clan culture and within the context of my relationship with Elder Danny Musqua. This thesis relates my struggle to make meaning of these teachings on a personal level and how these teachings have affected my life.<p> Narrative Inquiry is the methodology employed in this study. Through a reliance on narrative as the research methodology, the oral tradition of the Bear Clan and its traditional methods of knowledge transmission are honoured. The methodology utilized in this study is relatively unstructured in that no formal questioning process is utilized. Instead, it relies upon the relationship between the Elder/teacher and the son/learner in which to transmit knowledge. This process stresses the relationship between Danny and myself and emphasizes trust and respect as important elements of learning. In this relationship, knowledge was transmitted through participation in the sweatlodge, the learning lodge and through conversations with Danny. This approach to research respected the implicit nature of the oral tradition and allowed for me to make meaning of Danny's teachings in their original context and interpret them at a level appropriate for my own personal development.<p> This thesis struggles to define traditional healing and the role that the healer, the one oppressed by illness and the spiritual realm play in the healing process. This thesis may prove valuable in educating and informing those who do not have an understanding of concepts of First Nations' healing. It may also serve as an invitation to all people, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal, to expand their notions of healing or to search out a similar path in life.

With the knowledge that risk has become an omnipresent concept used to understand various social problems, this study aims to fill a perceived gap in literature by investigating the way in which risk discourse is applied to understand different categories of crime, namely traditional crime and corporate crime. It is hypothesized that risk logic is heavily applied to the understanding of traditional crime, with minimal attribution to conversations surrounding corporate crime. The pervasiveness of risk as a technique or tactic of government renders the study of its application to different types of crime an important addition to the existing risk literature. Using the method of a comparative content analysis, the parallels and discrepancies between the ways in which risk is used to discuss traditional and corporate crime by Canadian federal criminal justice organizations are explored. The results indicate a lack of focus on risk logic with respect to corporate crime, but demonstrate that risk discourse is perhaps not altogether absent from corporate crime discussions.