Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-07T19:20:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-08-28. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-03-07T19:24:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000858840.pdf: 5125943 bytes, checksum: ae1ae7457f541a60cc9858a97c75d925 (MD5) / Guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell) Blake) é uma espécie nativa da Floresta Atlântica reconhecida como de rápido desenvolvimento e grande ganho em volume. Alguns levantamentos pioneiros sobre o potencial tecnológico da madeira de guapuruvu foram feitas ressaltando o exuberante crescimento da espécie e apontando possibilidades de aproveitamento industrial, faltando para tal um estudo das propriedades físico-mecânicas e de qualidade da sua madeira. Qualificada como espécie pioneira na sucessão florestal, tem sido utilizada no plantio misto de espécies nativas em áreas degradadas onde um aspecto condicionante é a seleção de espécies que possam desempenhar bem seu papel ambiental e, ainda, gerar algum retorno financeiro ao proprietário da floresta por meio de um possível aproveitamento para fins madeireiros durante a segunda fase da sucessão, quando estas espécies puderem ser retiradas através de manejo florestal. Este trabalho visou a definição do potencial tecnológico da madeira de guapuruvu (S. parahyba), obtida de plantios de recuperação florestal da Mata Atlântica na região de Botucatu-SP através da avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas e da qualidade da madeira, a partir da variação radial dessas propriedades e da densidade aparente - obtida por atenuação de raios X, e da caracterização dos diferentes tipos de lenho. Nestas condições a madeira apresentou resistência característica à compressão paralela às fibras de 21,47MPa, sendo posicionada na classe de resistência C20 - eudicotiledôneas da NBR7190. A densidade aparente foi 336 kg/m3 e a básica de 290 kg/m³. Em todos os ensaios, a espécie apresentou coeficientes de variação médios, sem diferença estatística entre os raios apesar da presença de lenho de reação mostrando a homogeneidade da madeira. Demonstrou potencial de uso em algumas das categorias como construção civil ... / Guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell) Blake) is a native species of Atlantic Forest that has rapid development and large gain in volume. Some pioneers studies about the technological potential of guapuruvu's wood highlighting the exuberant growth of the species and pointing out some possibilities of industrial use, missing for that a study about the physical and mechanical properties and the quality of its wood. Qualified as a pioneer species in forest succession, has been used in forest recovery áreas where a conditioning aspect is the selection of species that perform well their environmental paper and also generate a financial return to the forest owner by a possible commercial use during the second phase of the forest succession, when these species can be withdrawn through forest. This study aimed to define the technological potential of wood guapuruvu (S. parahyba), obtained from forest recovery areas of the Atlantic Forest in the region of Botucatu-SP city by evaluating the physical and mechanical properties and the wood quality of these trees starting by radial variation of these properties and specific gravity - obtained by X-ray attenuation - characterization of different types of wood. Under these conditions, the wood has compressive strength parallel to the fibers of 21.47MPa, being positioned in the C20 - eudicotyledonous strength class of NBR7190. Specific gravity was 336 kg/m³ and basic density it was 290 kg/m³. In all tests, the species had medium coefficients of variation without difference-statistic between the sides of the wood, despite the presence of reaction wood, showing the homogeneity of this wood. Demonstrated potential for use in categories as lightweight construction, temporary use and offset plates.

Orientador: Marcos Tadeu Tibúrcio Gonçalves / Banca: Manoel Cleber de Sampaio Alves / Banca: Ivaldo de Domenico Valarelli / Resumo: O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise de parâmetros para a seleção de material de ferramenta de corte indicando o uso do Stellite como alternativa para obter melhor produtividade nas serrarias de desdobro de madeiras no Brasil. Para tanto, estudou-se as inter relações entre a propriedades físico químicas de espécies de madeira tropical e o processamento mecânico de desdobro das mesmas, além das origens do desgaste dos materiais empregados como ferramenta de corte. Foram realizados experimentos para determinar as características de densidade básica, teor de sílica e acidez de algumas espécies de madeira tropicais. As espécies estudadas foram: Angelim vermelho (Dinizia excelsa Ducke), Angelim pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier), Itaúba (Mezilourus lindaviana Schwacke & Mez), Mandioqueira lisa (Qualea albifloraWarm), Mandioqueira escamosa (Qualea paraensis Ducke) e Quaruba fissurada (Vochysia maxima Ducke). Para tais experimentos, as amostras foram colhidas e gerenciadas nas regras do manejo sustentável. Após a caracterização das espécies e análise do grau de abrasividade das mesmas, foi escolhida a espécie "Maçaanduba" para os testes de desempenho em processos de usinagem e, nas condições de corte e processamento utilizadas, relata-se de forma comparativa os apectos teóricos citados na revisão bibliográfica. Como resultado, pode-se comprovar que o material Stellite apresentou desempenho superior relativo ao desgaste e avarias, quando comparado com outros materiais como o metal duro, além de demonstrar um efetivo ganho de produtividade no serramento de toras de madeira de maçaranduba / Abstract: This study presents an analysis of selection parameters for cutting tool materials, indicating Stellite alloy as a substitute to improve sawmill productivity in Brazil. For that purpose, it was studied the interrelationship between the physical and chemical properties of tropical wood and the wood cutting mechanical process, as well as the origins of wear in cutting tool materials. Some tropical woods were tested for specific, gravity, silica content and acidity. The following species were studied: Angeli vermelho (Dinizia excelsa Ducke), Angelim pedra (Hymenobolobium petraeum Ducke), Maçaranduba (Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier), Itaúba (Mezilaurus lindaviana Schwacke & Mez), Mandioqueira lisa (Qualea albiflora Warm), Mandioqueira escamosa (Qualea paraensis Ducke) e Quaruba fissurada (Vochysia maxima Ducke). For those experiments, the samples were collected and processed following sustainable management practices. After characterization and analysis of abrasion degree of those species, the Manilkara huberi (Ducke) Chevalier was selcted for the machining process performance tests. Under the cutting and processing conditions established, the theoretical aspects cited in the references are comparatively reported. As a result, it was possible to demonstrate that the Stellite alloy displayed better wear and tear perfomance when compared with other materials sucha as hard beside demonstrating effective productivity gain when sawing Manilkara huberi (Maçaranduba) wood / Mestre

Orientador: Adriano Wagner Ballarin / Banca: Mario Tomazello Filho / Banca: Hernando Alfonso Lara Palma / Resumo: Guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell) Blake) é uma espécie nativa da Floresta Atlântica reconhecida como de rápido desenvolvimento e grande ganho em volume. Alguns levantamentos pioneiros sobre o potencial tecnológico da madeira de guapuruvu foram feitas ressaltando o exuberante crescimento da espécie e apontando possibilidades de aproveitamento industrial, faltando para tal um estudo das propriedades físico-mecânicas e de qualidade da sua madeira. Qualificada como espécie pioneira na sucessão florestal, tem sido utilizada no plantio misto de espécies nativas em áreas degradadas onde um aspecto condicionante é a seleção de espécies que possam desempenhar bem seu papel ambiental e, ainda, gerar algum retorno financeiro ao proprietário da floresta por meio de um possível aproveitamento para fins madeireiros durante a segunda fase da sucessão, quando estas espécies puderem ser retiradas através de manejo florestal. Este trabalho visou a definição do potencial tecnológico da madeira de guapuruvu (S. parahyba), obtida de plantios de recuperação florestal da Mata Atlântica na região de Botucatu-SP através da avaliação das propriedades físicas e mecânicas e da qualidade da madeira, a partir da variação radial dessas propriedades e da densidade aparente - obtida por atenuação de raios X, e da caracterização dos diferentes tipos de lenho. Nestas condições a madeira apresentou resistência característica à compressão paralela às fibras de 21,47MPa, sendo posicionada na classe de resistência C20 - eudicotiledôneas da NBR7190. A densidade aparente foi 336 kg/m3 e a básica de 290 kg/m³. Em todos os ensaios, a espécie apresentou coeficientes de variação médios, sem diferença estatística entre os raios apesar da presença de lenho de reação mostrando a homogeneidade da madeira. Demonstrou potencial de uso em algumas das categorias como construção civil ... / Abstract: Guapuruvu (Schizolobium parahyba (Vell) Blake) is a native species of Atlantic Forest that has rapid development and large gain in volume. Some pioneers studies about the technological potential of guapuruvu's wood highlighting the exuberant growth of the species and pointing out some possibilities of industrial use, missing for that a study about the physical and mechanical properties and the quality of its wood. Qualified as a pioneer species in forest succession, has been used in forest recovery áreas where a conditioning aspect is the selection of species that perform well their environmental paper and also generate a financial return to the forest owner by a possible commercial use during the second phase of the forest succession, when these species can be withdrawn through forest. This study aimed to define the technological potential of wood guapuruvu (S. parahyba), obtained from forest recovery areas of the Atlantic Forest in the region of Botucatu-SP city by evaluating the physical and mechanical properties and the wood quality of these trees starting by radial variation of these properties and specific gravity - obtained by X-ray attenuation - characterization of different types of wood. Under these conditions, the wood has compressive strength parallel to the fibers of 21.47MPa, being positioned in the C20 - eudicotyledonous strength class of NBR7190. Specific gravity was 336 kg/m³ and basic density it was 290 kg/m³. In all tests, the species had medium coefficients of variation without difference-statistic between the sides of the wood, despite the presence of reaction wood, showing the homogeneity of this wood. Demonstrated potential for use in categories as lightweight construction, temporary use and offset plates. / Mestre

No description available.

<p> The lignocellulosic biorefinery concept provides an attractive alternative to energy, fuels and chemical production from petroleum-derived and other non-renewable resources. However, the realization of this technology is limited by the economic climate and the technical challenges of maximizing the biorefinery production yield.</p><p> This dissertation is an investigation of utilizing targeted Engineered Biomass Deconstruction (EBD), or mechanical refining, to overcome the inherent recalcitrance of the lignocellulosic biomass. This recalcitrant nature is often considered the limiting factor for the commercialization of cellulosic biorefineries &ndash; including second generation cellulosic ethanol production facilities &ndash; which increases the direct costs for the process inputs of the deconstruction steps. This includes requirements of high temperature and chemical charges during pretreatment and high enzyme dosages during enzymatic hydrolysis unit operations.</p><p> First, the effects of mechanical refining on the digestibility lignocellulosic biomass is explored at the laboratory scale. Comparisons of two common laboratory scale refiners, PFI mill and valley beater, confirm improvements in enzymatic hydrolysis with increased mechanical refining severity for all biomass pretreatments; including, kraft (NaOH, Na₂S), green liquor (Na2CO3, Na₂S), and sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) pretreatments. A maximum in refining improvement is observed, highlighting the ability of EBD to generate the most value for the lignocellulosic biorefinery at moderate pretreatment severities and hydrolysis conditions.</p><p> Second, Engineered Biomass Deconstruction is compared at lab, pilot and industrial scales. Using the same industrially sourced sodium carbonate pretreated biomass, similar enzymatic hydrolysis kinetics and their respective improvements with mechanical refining were observed for all mechanical refining scales, with the most similar kinetics being between commercial scale and pilot scale refining. Successful simulation of industrial scale refining allows the use of pilot scale refining for optimization of Engineered Biomass Deconstruction at the pilot scale.</p><p> Third, utilizing the same commercial sodium carbonate biomass, the pilot scale mechanical refining conditions were optimized. Close to theoretical maximums in enzymatic hydrolysis conversion were achieved using pilot scale EBD compared to the total carbohydrate conversion of 39% for unrefined hardwood sodium carbonate biomass. Mechanical refining conditions of temperature, plate gap width, and consistency were controlled to optimize the Engineered Biomass Deconstruction process. Optimum conditions for the pilot refiner were found to be to 0.13 mm plate gap width, and 20% biomass consistency, at ambient temperature, which produced a total carbohydrate conversion of 90%.</p><p> Following the optimization of EBD conditions, efforts were made to fundamentally understand the reason for the improvement in biomass digestibility with mechanical refining. The motivation of this understanding would facilitate the development and application of engineered biomass deconstruction technologies within the lignocellulosic biorefinery concept. Non-hydrolytic fluorescent recombinant protein probes with carbohydrate binding modules of similar size to commercially available cellulases were used a model for the enzyme adsorption process for the initial stages of enzymatic hydrolysis. Model substrates were used to confirm the selective binding of the fluorescent protein probes to cellulose. Confocal laser scanning microscopy allowed for visualization and quantitative imaging of the fluorescent markers within the lignocellulosic biomass matrix. Relationships between the maximum fluorescent intensities and the different lignocellulosic biomass were observed. The distribution of adsorbed enzymes in the cell wall were altered by the mechanical refining actions of external fibrillation, internal delamination, and cutting. This indicates that improved biomass accessibility to enzymes throughout the lignocellulosic biomass matrix is related to enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis.</p><p> This work highlights the effectiveness of Engineered Biomass Deconstruction and its benefits when applied within the lignocellulosic biorefinery concept. Future research should be targeted for further optimization of mechanical refiner operating conditions including specific development of new refiner plate designs for application in a lignocellulosic biorefinery.</p><p>

A new three-dimensional finite solid element (3D FE) model for dowel-type wood connections was developed using the concept of a beam on a nonlinear wood foundation, which addresses the intricate wood crushing behaviour under the connector in a dowel type connection. In order to implement the concept of wood foundation with solid elements, a 3D FE wood foundation model was defined within a prescribed foundation zone surrounding the dowel. Based on anisotropic plasticity material theory, the material model for the foundation zone was developed using effective foundation material constants that were defined from dowel-embedment test data. New 3D FE single nail connection models were developed that incorporated the wood foundation model. The 3D wood foundation model was justified and validated using dowel-embedment test data with a range of dowel diameters, from a 2.5-mm nail to a 25.4-mm bolt. The connection models provided successful results in simulating the characteristics of load-slip behaviour that were experimentally observed. Based on the success of the single nail connection models, several applications of the 3D FE connection models were investigated including statistical wood material models, bolted connection models and a multiple nail connection model. Throughout the application studies, discussion of the benefits and limitations of the new model approach using the 3D FE wood foundation are presented. Also, future areas of study are proposed in order to improve the 3D FE dowel-type wood connections models. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

Floods are considered to be among of the deadliest, costliest and most common natural disasters. Rapid onset, catastrophic floods inundate the shore quickly and manifest as deep water with high velocities. The deep water and high velocities caused by these floods inflict great pressures and forces on the built and natural environments and pose a threat to human safety. Recent disasters such as Hurricane Katrina in the Southern United States and the Sumatra tsunami in the Indian Ocean have revealed that communities at risk require improved preparations for these types of dangerous events. Current building codes, design practices and disaster planning methods account for potential earthquake and wind loads on simple wood frame buildings typical of North American residential construction, however, flood impacts have not been considered in the same level of depth. The objectives of this research are to develop a theoretical model that describes flood impacts on wood frame residential buildings and relates building response to physical flood properties such as depth and velocity. This thesis provides a brief synopsis of previous approaches used to describe building response to flooding. An overview of the major loads caused by rapid onset flooding, along with a description of the structural system utilized in wood design to resist these forces is provided. The failure mechanisms considered and the model logic are described and applied to assess the response of a typical Canadian wood frame home to flood conditions that might be experienced in a rapid onset flood event like a tsunami. Building response results are discussed along with recommendations for future analysis and applications. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Although many improvements in the manufacturing of musical instruments have been made recently, one aspect that has often been overlooked is that of the acoustic consistency of the final manufactured product. The aim of this thesis is to create a method in which a soundboard can be frequency matched to a brace in order to meet a set standard after assembly. A simple analytical model is created in order to study the effect of the plate's stiffness and brace thickness on the combined system. The assumed shape method is used in the analysis. Results show that by adjusting the thickness of the brace in order to compensate for the stiffness of the plate, one of the natural frequencies can be adjusted to meet a certain value. However, matching multiple natural frequencies cannot be done with a rectangular brace. Therefore modifications to the shape of the brace are suggested.

The Douglas fir holocellulose was prepared by Wise’s(8) modification of Jayme's sodium chlorite procedure(9). The hemicelluloses were extracted using 24% potassium hydroxide followed by 17% sodium hydroxide containing 5% boric acid. Meier(31) reported that barium hydroxide can be used to purify polysaccharide mixtures. The mode of action presumably being the formation of an insoluble complex with the cis-hydroxyl groups of the mannose or galactose integers. By using this method of purification Timell(30) isolated a galactoglucomannan from a 24% potassium hydroxide extract of eastern hemlock holocellulose. Following Timell's scheme the attempt to isolate a galactoglucomannan from Douglas fir did not proceed with the facility suggested. Two purifications by Meier's procedure failed to remove the xylose containing polysaccharide. Further batches of freshly prepared holocellulose were extracted and repeated attempts at the isolation and purification of a galactoglucomannan are at present being pursued. The addition of barium hydroxide not only removed the galactoglucomannan fraction but also purified the xylan which remained in solution. Four barium hydroxide treatments followed by two purifications by means of Fehling's solution gave an arabino-4-0-methyl-D-glucuronoxylan freed from galactose. Previous attempts at the purification of this type of polysaccharide from softwoods have failed to remove the galactose residues. A glucomannan fraction was extracted using 17.5% sodium hydroxide containing 5% boric acid. Four fractionations by the barium hydroxide procedure failed to remove the xylose residues. Two further fractionations via the copper complex removed the last traces of xylose but the fraction still contained about 8% galactose. This is not unusual for it has been reported that the majority of gymnosperm glucomannans contain at least 4% galactose. The glucose to mannose ratio is approximately 1:3.5 which is in the order of a true glucomannan. It appears that the possibility should be seriously considered that the galactose residues present in the so called "glucomannans" are actually integral parts of these polysaccharides. Additional experimental data in the near future will undoubtedly serve to solve the problem. / Science, Faculty of / Chemistry, Department of / Graduate

A study was made of single wood samples from 35 species (27 genera and 16 families) of important Taiwan timbers. Results have been compared with information published by Kanehira in 1921 (30) and others (31, 44). The anatomy of these woods is described in detail. A key based on microscopic features is included for identification. Descriptions follow standard terms of the International Association of Wood Anatomists Two of the coniferous species, Pinus armandi Franch. and Chamaecyparis formosensis Matsum., and nine hardwood species Carpinus kawakamii Hay., Quercus gilva B1., Quercus longinux Hay., Cinnamomum camphora Nees., Cinnamomum randaiensis Hay., Lagerstroemia subcostata Koehne., Gordonia axillaris (Don.) Szysz., Trochodendron aralioides S. et Z., and Trema orientalis B1. had features similar to those reported (30, 31, 44). Seven hardwood species, Alnus formosana (Burkill.) Makino., Quercus stenophylloides Hay., Engelhardtia formosana Hay., Beilschmiedia erythrophloia Hay., Cinnamomum micranthum Hay., Zelkova formosana Hay., and Tectona grandis Linn, f. showed different anatomical features from those recorded by Kanehira (30) and Kribs (31). No previous description of wood anatomy has been found for seventeen species including Tsuga chinensis (French.) Pritz., Cunninghamia konishii Hay., Libocedrus formosana Hay., Chamaecyparis taiwanensis Masam. et Suzuk., Scheffera octophylla (Lour.) Harms., Castanopsis longicaudata Hay., Castanopsis stipitata Hay., Lithocarpus amygdalifolia Hay., Actinodaphne nantoensis Hay., Machilus arisanensis Hay., Machilus pseudolongifolia Hay., Machilus zuihoensis Hay., Cassia siamia Lam., Michelia formosana Mas., lllicium leucanthum Hay., Schima superba Gard. et Champ, and Ternstroemia gymnanthera Spr. All species treated in this study are described in more detail than occurs in past records. Mass grouping of longitudinal parenchyma appears as a normal feature of Cunninghamia konishii Hay. This type of parenchyma distribution could be a taxonomic feature of Cunninghamia not previously described in the literature. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate