This thesis is divided into three sections. Section one examinas the Church of England in Cumbria and concentrates on the work and patronage of the bishops and of the dean and chapter, the archdeacons, canons and chancellors of the diocese, the issue of ritualistic innovation and the work of the parochial clergy. Particular emphasis is given to the episcopate of Samuel Waldegrave. Section two provides an account of the history of the Nonconformists of Cumbria with a chapter devoted to each of the following: the Roman Catholics, the Methodists of the eighteenth century, the Sandemanians together with the Inghamites and the Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion, the Congregationalists, the Presbyterians, the Unitarians, the Baptists and the Churches of Christ, the Quakers, the Brethren and finally the several Methodist connexions of the nineteenth century. The link between sections one and two is a study of the influence of the Lake District and religion. Section three deals with the general importance of religion in Cumbria with chapters devoted to the theme of temperance, the Lawson family and Carlisle, to education, and to each of the following: Barrow in Furness, Ravenstonedale, Popular Religion, Religious Architecture, and to Politics and Religion. The theme of the off-comer in Cumbrian religious history is central to all three sections. There is a final chapter on the twentieth century followed by the conclusions, bibliography and index.

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The study traces the efforts of English Nonconformists to provide chaplains for their adherents in the British Army. Unrecognised by the War Office, and opposed by the Church of England, the Wesleyan Methodists persisted in providing an unpaid civilian ministry until, by stages, they secured partial recognition in 1862 and 1881. The respect earned by volunteer Wesleyan civilian chaplains, who accompanied the troops on most colonial and imperial expeditions in the last quarter of the century, culminating in the Boer War, prompted the War Office in 1903 to offer them a number of commissioned chaplaincies. The Wesleyans declined the offer. Although they had earlier, and after anguished debate, accepted State payment of chaplains, they were not prepared to accept military control of them. In the Great War, Wesleyan chaplains were nevertheless obliged to accept temporary commissions. Congregationalists, Baptists, Primitive and United Methodists, through a United Board, provided another stream of chaplains. With the political help of Lloyd George, both sets of Nonconformists secured equitable treatment at the hands of the Church of England and, through an Interdenominational Committee, gained positions of considerable influence over chaplaincy policy. In the field, remarkably for the age, they joined with Presbyterians and Roman Catholics in a single chain of command. By 1918, over 500 Wesleyan and United Board commissioned chaplains were engaged. After the war, as the price of retaining their newly won standing and influence, both the Wesleyans and the United Board denominations accepted permanent commissions for their chaplains and their absorption within a unified Chaplains Department. Acceptability was secured through willingness to compromise on voluntaryism and conformity to the State.

Yn y traethawd hwn trafodir y newidiadau a ddigwyddodd ym mywyd inewnol ac yn ethos y pedwar corff Ymneilltuol yng Nghynlru rhwng 1840 a 1870. Y thesis y ceisir ei ddatblygu yw fod y newidiadau hyn o dipyn i bath wedi eu gweddnewid. Yng nhorff y traethawd fe wneir defnydd o dermau a theorlau'r cymdeithasegwyr sydd weds astudio crefydd and nid heb geisio ystyried yn feirniadol i ba raddau y gellir gwneud defnydd dilys ohonynt yng nghyd-destun hanes crefydd yng Nghymru. Ymddengys fod eu diffiniadau o 'sect' ac 'enwad' yn gynorthwyol. Felly canolbwyntir ar fywyd mewnol y Cyrff crefyddol. Dadansoddir eu hymarweddiad a'u hegwyddorion fei cymdeithasau Cristnogol yn hytrach na'u gweithgareddau allanol, cymdeithasol a gwleidyddol. Gan hynny, yn ystod y drafodaeth, astudir yn ofalus eu hagwedd at eu harwahanrwydd, at y ddisgyblaeth eglwysig, at y 'ddyletswydd deuluaidd', at ymddygiad wrth addoli, at anffurfioldeb, at bregethu, at y Fugeiliaeth, at addysg, at berthynas gyda chyrff cýrjfyddol eraill, at ddiwygiadau, at gynllun a phensaerniaeth capeli ac Pt gyfundrefnu. Wrth dafoli arwyddoc&d y cyfnewidiadau, daw'n eglur sut yr oedd y cyrff Ymneilltuol yn eu haddasu eu hunain i gyfarfod her cyfnod cynhyrfus yn hanes Cymru. Daethant o dipyn i beth yn enwadau a deimlai gyfrifoldeb tuag at y byd seciwiar a thuag at y genedl. Bu i'r newid o sectyddiaeth i enwadyddiaeth esgor ar ganlyniadau yr oedd eu dylawad i'w gweld ymhell i'r ugeinfed ganrif. Proses graddol a chymleth oedd hwn yn dylanwadu ar bob agwedd ar fywyd mewnol y Cyrff and y ddadl yw fod y newid mwyaf arwyddocaol wedi digwydd rhwng 1840 a 1870.

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