Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1992. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 30-36). Also available via the Internet.

Based on the author's thesis (Ph. D.--University College, London). / Includes bibliographical references (p. 264-277) and index.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1954. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 405-410).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76 - 80). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Based on the author's Thesis (Ph. D.--University College, London). / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. 264-277) and index.

The Shira complex belongs to the anorogenic province of Niger and Nigeria. It is dominated by peralkaline syenites and granites and has an estimated area of 152 sq.km. Apart from a related intrusion of granite porphyry at Zigau to the southwest, the Shira complex can be divided into three centres. Centre 1 is dominated by the Shira quartz syenite and this has been intruded by a large cone sheet of Birji granite and by microgranite dykes. These peralkaline syenites and granites are believed to represent successive intrusions from a progressively differentiating magma chamber. The Birji granite has two facies distinguished by the habit of the arfvedsonite and both facies exhibit layering. Centre 2 is composed of the Andaburi granite and a small intrusion of Amdulayi syenite. Centre 3 consists of the very poorly exposed Eldewo aluminous biotite granite. The Zigau granite porphyry contains phenocrysts of alkali feldspar, quartz, fayalite and ferrohedenbergite in a quartzofeldspathic groundmass. The Shira quartz syenite consists of microperthite, quartz, ferrorichterite-arfvedsonite and aenigmatite. The Birji granite contains microperthite, quartz, arfvedsonite and a little aegirine, and the dykes related to it have a similar mineralogy but are more mafic-rich. The Andaburi granite consists of microperthite, quartz, ferrorichterite-arfvedsonite and aegirine. The Amdulayi syenite has three facies which collectively contain microperthite, quartz, ferrowinchite- arfvedsonite, aenigmatite and aegirine . The Eldewo granite contains microperthite, quartz and biotite. Several minerals have been discovered which are either new to the province or are recorded for the first time in Nigeria, namely, aegirine-hedenbergite, chevkinite and narsarsukite. In the Zigau granite porphyry, fayalite has a composition of Fa93-100 and the pyroxene is ferrohedenbergite with sodic margins. Amphiboles from the Shira complex exhibit a compositional trend from ferrorichterite or ferrowinchite to arfvedsonite. In the syenitic rocks there are two periods of alkali pyroxene growth – early aegirine-hedenbergite and later aegirine, separated by a period of anphibole and aenigmatite crystallisation. Aenigmatite occurs in the syenitic rocks, which have the highest Ti contents, but it shows limited compositional range. Biotite composition in the aluminous granite is close to the theoretical annite end-member. Whole rock geochemical data suggest that there is a progression from the syenites to the highly fractionated granites. With regard to the occurrence and characteristics of the peralkaline and aluminous granites in particular, it is concluded that the peralkaline syenites and granites from Shira are the result of fractional crystallisation from a basaltic parent, whereas the aluminous rocks are the result of partial melting in the continental crust.

The focus of this study is to investigate changes induced by rapid tourism development in a Tai Yai village, Ban Sob Ruak (BSR), in the Golden Triangle of northern Thailand. From the geographical point of view, the transformation of the village can be regarded as a change of place, while from the sociological point of view, the transformation can be explained in the context of modernization. These two closely related aspects of change were examined in this study in the context of modernization theory and the concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft. The study gathered data through use of surveys, in-depth interviews, field checks, aerial photographs and consultative meetings. Three sets of structured questionnaires were developed for three surveys. Major findings of the study suggest that: (1) During a period of less than 10 years, tourism has contributed to significant changes in BSR in various areas: socio-economic, cultural, land ownership and use. For example, one quarter of residents had changed their main occupations from farming to tourism-related jobs, household income and land values, in particular, had considerably increased. The residents of BSR, in general, have a very positive perception towards tourism impacts. The study, however, recommended that the monitoring of residents' perceptions towards tourism development in BSR in the long term should be undertaken. After nearly a decade, drawbacks of tourism in the village have emerged in various forms, e.g. increased social differentiation and materialism, water and visual pollution, and increased exploitation of forest resources by the community. These drawbacks, if left unchecked, may affect residents' perceptions towards tourism impacts in the future. (2) Tourism-induced loss of control over local resources, especially land, has tended to increase social differentiation and depletion of forest resources by the community. (3) BSR residents have been tremendously successful in the business skills required to benefit from tourism development in spite of a lack of external support. (4) The residents of BSR have adjusted in two ways to cope with tourism development, revitalization and adoption. The study results also suggest that tourism seems capable of catalyzing the modernization process in host communities, especially in rural areas. In terms of tourism management, the study argues that a community approach to tourism planning may be promising for application in less developed countries. Government support, however, is likely to be necessary for this purpose. Finally, it is argued that tourism can be an effective tool for rural development. BSR is an example of unplanned tourism development without support from the government. Public participation, however, made the tourism industry a desirable alternative development strategy for the village. Serious attention from the government is imperative if tourism is to be a successful tool for rural development. / Graduate

The influence of the Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968) polarizes policy on common property resources into bimodal prescriptions--the state on the one hand and the market on the other. This study of community-based watershed management (CBWM) in Northern Thailand examines local institutions as an alternative to solve free rider problems in the commons. Four different communities--Ban Luang, Silalaeng, Thung Khao Hang, and Ban Pae--were selected for study. Field data was collected by participant observation, interview, and household survey. It was found that community-based watershed management originated from the need for water of the lowland rice farmers. This dependence on watersheds for a sustainable livelihood brought the peasants together to form CBWM institutions to regulate joint use, sustain yields, and exclude non-members. The emergence and continued strength of a CBWM system is closely associated with variables such as a small watershed, a small number of clearly-defined users, clearly-demarcated watershed boundaries, close proximity of the watershed to the village, moderately scarce watershed resources, and charismatic leaders. The definite geographical and social units of village community, dyadic relationships, and traditional reciprocities, when reinforced by norms, beliefs, and operational rules, are the foundation for cooperation and compliance with the rules by the majority of resource users. The villagers were highly satisfied with the efficiency and equity in resource use under the common property regime, as they evaluate the outcomes in terms of sustainable livelihood security rather than for short-term benefit. Minimal conflicts between de facto rights defined by local institutions and de jure rights defined by laws are also critical to institutional stability and help secure government recognition in CBWM. The incorporation of local communities into the larger political economic system and the penetration of the market economy into the rural areas have changed traditional reciprocities based on dyadic relationships. Thus, community-based watershed management systems have evolved through the development of collectively-organized rules to govern the use of scarce watershed resources. Over time, the operational rules of CBWM have become formal institutions as the village community is transformed into a territorial organization, eventually integrated into the mainstream society. This study demonstrates that there is an alternative to solve problems of the commons beyond the state and the market. Local institutional arrangements have been successful in managing several watersheds as the commons in Northern Thailand. It is suggested that co-management in the watersheds between the state and local communities is feasible in Northern Thailand. One potential strategy is to legalize CBWM institutions and empower the local communities to be able to manage their local watersheds effectively. / Graduate

M.Ed. (Curriculum Studies) / It would appear that the task of the school in a multi cultural society is becoming more complex. It is not only expected of the school to educate the children of the society in totality towards the accepted particular adulthood, but the task of the school is also to provide for the current needs of society, and to anticipate possible problems of the future. In the context of human relations an African Language was introduced into White Schools on a regional basis in an attempt to bring about better understanding among the population groups. This was also done in order to provide the White child with the opportunity to communicate with the Black in his own language. After considering the current subject - curricula for Sepedi (Spoken Language) and the related teaching practice, the conclusion was made that the subject does'nt succeed in accomplishing its aims. No evidence could be found of an thorough situation - analysis in which the nature of society, the nature of the learner and the subjectcontent have been considered. Some deficiencies in the curriculum resulted from this. An evaluation of the subject curricula showed that one of the most important shortcomings seemed to be that the curriculum was'nt planned and designed to accepted curriculum principles. A further shortcoming was that no attention was given to the linguistic - phenomenon of pragmatic interference, which implies that the child, while learning Sepedi (Spoken Language) should not only learn the language, but also gain experience in the culture, rules of discourse, behaviour, norms and values underlying the target language...

M.Sc. (Geology) / Please refer to full text to view abstract