Changes in the federal farm program, in rainfall pattern and quantity, and increased incidence of herbicide resistant weeds and diseases have generated increased interest in spring grains in the Pacific Northwest. However, spring grains have traditionally been treated as minor crops in this region, thus little research has been done on them. Complicating the situation is the diversity in spring growing conditions as well as crops grown. This study was conducted to a) assess the impact of seeding date on the growth and development of the spring grains and b) to determine the differences or extent of differences among genetically diverse grains. Planting date and cultivar had significant effects on number of leaves and tillers as well as dry matter production. The differences among planting dates were mainly as a result of variations in temperature, though soil moisture was of significance in some cases. Among the cultivars, Alpowa had a high tillering rate, while Westbred936 was poor. The leaves of the cultivars generally emerged at a constant rate (with a few exceptions) within a given planting date, but rates differed among planting dates. Though significant differences in rate of leaf emergence were observed among cultivars, rate of leaf emergence in wheat as a group was not significantly different from that of the barley or oat cultivar evaluated. Phyllochron decreased with later sowing in only the first year. In the second year, no consistent increase or decrease in phyllochron with planting date was observed. Rate of dry matter production followed an inverse quadratic polynomial trend. Rate increased slowly during early growth and later rising sharply as plant matured regardless of planting date. Among the cultivars, barley plants showed clear superiority in dry matter accumulation. This is likely the reason why barleys seemed to show superior growth to all the other cultivars. A relationship between vegetative growth and grain yields was observed; however, assimilate redistribution was also found to play significant role. Results obtained were a clear reflection of differences in environmental conditions for each year. / Graduation date: 2000

The Cascadia subduction zone has been characterized as a typical Chilean-type subduction zone based on qualitative comparisons of plate age and convergence rate, with simple forearc structure. However, the discovery of unusual structural styles of deformation, variations in the morphology of the forearc, and its absence of seismic activity suggest differences from the Chilean analog. The manuscripts presented here (McNeill et al., 1997, in press, submitted) illustrate this complexity and provide examples of contrasting deformation throughout the offshore forearc. The Washington and northern Oregon shelf and upper slope are characterized by extension in the form of listric normal faults. These faults have been active since the late Miocene and are driven by detachment and extension of the underlying overpressured m��lange and broken formation. This region of the forearc is partly to wholly decoupled from convergence-driven compression which dominates deformation elsewhere in the forearc. One exception to convergence-driven compression is a region of N-S compression of the inner shelf and coastal region which reflects the regional stress field. N-S compressional structures apparently influence the positions of coastal lowlands and uplands and may contribute to the record of coastal marsh burials interepreted as the result of coseismic subsidence during subduction zone earthquakes. Modeling of subduction zone earthquake characteristics based on marsh stratigraphy is likely to be inaccurate in terms of rupture zone position, magnitude, and recurrence interval. The Cascadia shelf and upper slope are underlain by a sequence of deformed basinal strata which reflects the tectonic evolution of the margin. The surface of a regional late Miocene angular unconformity (7.5-6 Ma: a global hiatus) indicates deformation by uplifted submarine banks and subsided synclines (coincident with low recent uplift onshore), which control the current shelf break position. The basin is currently filled behind a N-S-trending outer-arc high, which uplifted in the early-middle Pliocene following truncation and erosion of the seaward edge of the basin. Breaching of the outer-arc high occurred in the early Pleistocene leading to the formation of the Astoria Submarine Fan and increased growth rates of the accretionary wedge. / Graduation date: 1999

Graduation date: 1998

To remain competitive in the international marketplace, soft white wheat cultivars grown in the Pacific Northwest must have consistent and predictable flour properties including kernel texture. As a consequence, there is a need to develop wheat cultivars for specific end uses. Wheat cultivars with very soft kernels are used largely for making cookies and cakes. Harder soft white wheats are more suitable for noodles and flat breads. Numerous studies have been made to determine the inheritance of kernel texture between hard and soft wheat; however, very little information is available concerning the amount of genetic variability within soft white wheat. Reciprocal crosses were made between a very soft (TJB/MON"S") and a soft (Yamhill) white winter wheat genotype. Data were collected on an individual plant basis for kernel texture, protein content, and eight selected agronomic traits. Kernel hardness and protein content were determined using the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR). Genetic differences for kernel texture and the other nine traits were found between the two parents and the resulting F1 progenies. It would appear that kernel texture is qualitatively inherited with one or more genes reflecting additive and nonadditive gene action. However, a large component of non-genetic variation was also detected. Of particular interest was the apparent reciprocal differences found between Fl populations for most of the traits measured and particularly kernel texture. However, for kernel texture, such differences were not due to a dosage effect of the 3n endosperm. Kernel texture was not found to be associated with protein content. A negative association of kernel texture with heading date would suggest a compromise may be necessary when selecting these traits. Positive associations were found between kernel hardness with number of tillers, total biological yield, grain yield, and number of kernels per spike. / Graduation date: 1992

The Mimulus washingtonensis complex is a group of morphologically similar species centered in the Pacific Northwest. All are rare, and most are under consideration for listing as endangered. Morphometric and pollination data were used in developing a revised taxonomy for the group. Five species and two varieties are recognized. Mimulus pulsiferae Gray is the most widespread, occurring from southern Washington to northern California. Mimulus hymenophyllus Meinke and M. jungermannioides Suksd. are cliff species endemic to river drainages in northern Oregon. Mimulus washingtonensis Gand. occurs in east-central Oregon and western Idaho, represented by the var. washingtonensis and var. ampliatus (Grant) Meinke comb. et stat. nov., respectively. Mimulus patulus Pennell is resurrected from synonymy and differentiated from M. washingtonensis on the basis of morphology, distribution, and pollination biology. This autogamous species includes var. patulus, occurring in the Snake River drainage, and var. montanus Meinke var. nov., primarily from the northern Rocky Mountains. Mimulus evanescens Meinke sp. nov. is described from an extant population in Lassen County, California, and historic collections from widely scattered stations in Oregon and Idaho. The new species is morphologically intermediate between M. breviflorus Piper and M. latidens (Gray) Greene. Calyx and leaf morphology also suggest an affinity to M. grayi Grant, M. inconspicuus Gray, and M. acutidens Greene, of cismontane California. Mimulus evanescens should be considered critically endangered, because of its limited numbers and habitat degradation. Mimulus washingtonensis is pollinated by small native bees, primarily two species of Dialictus (Halictidae). These bees were specific to Mimulus flowers but did not distinguish between flowers of M. washingtonensis and M. guttatus DC., a related species that increases with habitat disturbance. Experiments showed that mixed pollen loads diminish seed set in M. washingtonensis, since the thigmotropic stigma of that species closes permanently after any amount of conspecific pollen is applied. Although M. washingtonensis has a low pollen/ovule ratio (29.9), it is considered facultatively xenogamous based on floral morphology, stigma sensitivity, and autogamous seed set levels. Populations occurred in small, edaphically restricted patches, and they exhibited seed set reductions related to outcrossing distance. Substrate disturbance may limit reproduction in M. washingtonensis by changing population structure, threatening pollinators, and increasing competition for pollination by promoting growth and flowering of M. guttatus. / Graduation date: 1992

Published literature about six Pacific Northwest stream systems was contrasted to provide a regional perspective on channel response to disturbance. This investigation was prompted by a combination of recent environmental legislation, mounting social pressures to plan projects at a drainage basin scale, and the difficulty in defining and predicting the response and recovery of a stream channel to land-use management or storm events. Detailed studies of Redwood Creek, CA; the San Lorenzo River, CA; the South Fork Salmon River, ID; the Upper Middle Fork of the Willamette River, OR; the Alsea River System, OR; and Carnation Creek, B.C. were reviewed and contrasted. Differences in channel response to disturbance appear to be the result of the sequence of storms, the interactions between storms and land-use, the processes that deliver sediment to the channel, the available stream power, and the bank stability. Basins with low debris avalanche and earthflow potential, high stream power, and stable stream banks experience only localized and short-lived response to disturbance. On the other hand, basins with frequent debris avalanches or high earthflow potential and unstable banks experience widespread and persistent response. This study concludes that there must be realization and acceptance of the random nature of channel response and recovery following disturbance. Field evaluation, professional judgement, risk assessment, and adaptive management are the most powerful tools available in the prediction of channel response. / Graduation date: 1993

While the migration of Abraham Lincoln’s family to the Northwest has often been documented as a significant event of his youth, historians have neglected the powerful repercussions this family decision had on Lincoln’s assessment of the South and the secession crisis in 1860 and 1861. Lincoln’s years living and working in the Northwest from 1831 to 1861 exposed him to the anti–slave system ethos of that region’s southern-born migrants. Sensitive to the restraints they believed the social system of slavery placed upon their own liberties, these former southerners simultaneously despised the slave system, hated African Americans, and sympathized with white slaveholders and nonslaveholders who remained in the South. After building his initial sense of southern society from these migrants, Lincoln spent his years as a U.S. congressman learning the significance of the Northwest Ordinance in creating the free society in which they had thrived. Emphasizing Thomas Jefferson’s role in conceiving the Northwest Ordinance and utilizing statistical evidence to prove the superiority of free soil over slave, Lincoln’s colleagues further expanded Lincoln’s conception of the South. All these influences combined to produce Lincoln’s uniquely northwestern approach to slavery, the South, and the secession crisis. Believing that the self-interest of white nonslaveholding southerners naturally propelled them away from the South and toward free society, Lincoln perceived the slave South as a vastly unequal society controlled by a minority of aristocratic slaveholders who cajoled or chided their nonslaveholding neighbors into accepting a vision of the South’s proslavery, expansionist future. As president-elect, Lincoln therefore overestimated the Unionist sentiment of southerners before and during the secession crisis. He remained convinced that the majority of white nonslaveholders would not support a secessionist movement that he believed countered their own self-interest. With time, and through careful communications with the South, he remained convinced that he could settle secessionist passions and bring southerners to trust him and the Republican Party. This northwestern perception of the South therefore explains, in part, Lincoln’s silence and his refusal to compromise during the secession crisis.

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