Background: Historically, many reference lines and planes of the human skull have been used in an attempt to depict the head in a natural head position (NHP) which is a relaxed/balanced position when looking ahead at their eye level. Head position correction has been attempted in fields such as anatomy, art, anthropology, orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, plastic surgery, and forensics. In orthodontics, oral and maxillofacial surgery, and plastic surgery, corrected head position (CHP) is particularly important for diagnosis of the normality/protrusion/retrusion of the patient’s facial skeleton. Usually a single plane, such as Frankfurt horizontal, is used to correct head position, but its angulation is variable between individuals, because each individual’s anatomy is unique. It has been found previously that the Neutral Horizontal Axis (NHA), Frankfurt horizontal (FH), Krogman-Walker plane (KW plane), and Palatal plane (P plane) demonstrated near parallelism, and these planes averaged -1 to -2 degrees from the true horizontal (HOR, which is a horizontal plane determined as being perpendicular to the earth’s gravitational force) with subjects in NHP. Methods: Craniofacial planes were measured in an Aboriginal Australian sample and in two contemporary samples obtained from Australian orthodontic practices, and the findings were compared with previous studies. Each sample consisted of 40 individuals (20 males and 20 females) with subjects in NHP. The Aboriginal Australian sample was longitudinal (T1, mean age 10 years; T2, mean age 14 years, and T3, mean age 18 years) enabling NHP to be assessed over approximately 8 years. A soft tissue Ear - nose plane (EN plane) was also investigated. Results: NHP reproducibility over 8 years demonstrated a mean of absolute difference of 2.9 degrees, with a range of differences from -7.9 to 8.2 degrees and a standard deviation of differences equal to 3.6 degrees. The Neutral Horizontal Axis (NHA), Frankfurt horizontal (FH), Krogman-Walker plane (KW plane), and Palatal plane (P plane) demonstrated near parallelism with each other, and averaged between 0 and -3 degrees from HOR. On average, EN plane was horizontal but was variable. Conclusions: NHP is not consistently reproducible at the individual level. For hard tissue images, the combined use of NHA, FH, KW plane, and P plane enables prediction of CHP. Additionally, the rectangular shape of the lower orbit - nasal airway region appears to be useful for correcting head position. In facial soft tissue images, EN plane in combination with other visual factors helps to correct head position. Simple geometry enables this head position correction to be performed from any view of the head where relevant landmarks are seen. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1346599 / Thesis (D.Clin.Dent.) - University of Adelaide, School of Dentistry, 2008

Les systèmes multi-capteurs intelligents de gaz (ou nez électroniques), sont déjà déployés dans des domaines aussi divers que la parfumerie, l'industrie alimentaire, la surveillance de l'environnement et à des fins militaires et médicaux. La collaboration engagée dans le cadre du Projet Européen SNIFFER, s'est focalisée sur le développement d'un système type nez-électronique innovant basé sur des capteurs MEMS combinés à des bio-récepteurs olfactifs pour la détection de substances illicites. Dans un autre contexte et ce, dans une démarche interne à ESIEE-Paris, nous avons aussi choisi d'élargir le sujet à la conception d'un système multi-capteurs pour une application en détection de composés organiques volatils.Ainsi, dans la perspective d'une amélioration des technologies par l'utilisation de capteurs MEMS, cette thèse traite de la conception, la fabrication et la caractérisation de capteurs de type micro-poutre résonante en silicium et en diamant et également de la preuve de concept d'un système multi-capteur pour la détection de gaz. Si le choix du silicium en tant que matériaux pour la fabrication de nos capteurs a pour avantage l'énorme éventail de connaissances disponible, le diamant fait sa place dans le monde de la microtechnologie grâce à ses remarquables propriétés physiques et chimiques. Même si certaines études portant sur le développement de dispositifs et de procédés MEMS en diamant sont décrites dans la littérature, une comparaison entre les performances des deux matériaux pour le développement d'un même capteur n'a jamais été étudiée. En conséquence, cette thèse est axée sur l'utilisation de ces deux matériaux pour la conception de micro-poutres résonantes, afin d'établir des éléments de comparaison pour les deux technologies.Dans un premier temps, nous avons mis en place des procédés de micro-structuration du diamant développés auparavant dans notre laboratoire afin de les optimiser pour une fabrication totalement compatible avec les techniques de salle blanche et indépendante des variations des conditions de synthèse du diamant. Nous avons, pour la première fois, réalisé des micro-poutres en diamant avec des jauges en silicium polycristallin intégrées. Nous avons caractérisé le module d'Young du diamant en utilisant deux méthodes différentes aboutissant dans le cas le plus précis à la valeur de 1080 GPa. Ensuite, la sensibilité massique des poutres en silicium et en diamant fabriquées a été évaluée. Dans le meilleur des cas, et pour des fréquences de résonance très proches, les poutres en silicium présentent une sensibilité de 89 Hz/ng tandis que pour les poutres en diamant, la sensibilité s'élève à 212 Hz/ng. Nous avons également observé que pour des faibles variations de masse, l'impact de l'ajout de masse sur le coefficient de qualité des poutres était plus critique pour les structures en silicium.Finalement, une preuve de concept de l'utilisation du système multi-capteur à base de micro-poutres en silicium et en diamant pour la détection de composés organiques volatils a été mise en place. Nous avons démontré la détection de plusieurs composés dans des concentrations de l'ordre de la dizaine de ppm de manière totalement automatique et sans recours à des instruments de mesure. Les résultats de ces détections forment une base de données à partir de laquelle nous avons, par l'application de méthodes statistiques multivariées, abouti à la discrimination des composés testés / Smart multi-sensor systems for gas detection (or electronic noses), are already deployed in areas as diverse as cosmetics and food industry, environment monitoring and military and medical purposes. The ongoing collaboration within the European SNIFFER Project, focused on the development of an innovative electronic nose-like system based on MEMS sensors combined with olfactory bioreceptors for the detection of illicit substances. In another context and, within an internal approach to ESIEE-Paris, we have also chosen to expand the topic to design a multi-sensor system for application in volatile organic compounds detection.Thus, in view of improving these technologies through the use of MEMS sensors, this manuscript comprehensively investigates the design, fabrication and characterization of silicon and diamond resonant micro-cantilevers sensors, and also presents a proof of concept of a multi-sensor system for gas detection. To date, silicon has been used as a building block of micro sensors, whose features are very well known and argued extensively in the literature. On the other hand, diamond as a unique material in terms of its superior physical and chemical properties, has been received attention in microelectronics. Although the realization of diamond MEMS sensors has been presented before, it has been never compared to silicon MEMS gas sensors. Therefore, to establish elements of comparison for the two technologies, this thesis aimed to use these two competitive materials as a building block of micro-cantilever based MEMS gas sensors.Firstly, we set up specific micro-machining processes for the realization of diamond patterns that have been previously developed in our laboratory in order to optimize them for a fully clean room compatible manufacturing, independent of changes in diamond synthesis conditions. We have, for the first time, realized diamond micro-cantilevers with integrated polysilicon gauges. The Young's modulus of diamond was characterized using two different methods resulting in the best case of the value as 1080 GPa. Then, the mass sensitivity of silicon and diamond microcantilevers was evaluated. In the best case, for sensors presenting very similar resonant frequencies, the silicon microcantilever have a sensitivity of 89 Hz / ng whereas for the diamond microcantilever, the sensitivity is 212 Hz / ng. It has been also observed that the impact of adding mass on the beam quality factor was more critical to the silicon structures for low mass load cases.Finally, a proof of concept for the use of the multi-sensor system based on silicon and diamond micro-cantilevers for the detection of volatile organic compounds was established. We demonstrated the detection of several compounds in concentrations of the order of tens of ppm in a fully automatic way and without the use of measuring instruments. The results of these detections form a database from which we resulted in the discrimination of the compounds tested by applying multivariate statistical methods

Introduction: Social reintegration is one of the most challenge for those affected by saddle nose deformity due to leprosy. The nasal reconstruction becomes extremely important in the rehabilitation of disfigured victims. This study aimed to describe the technique of structural rhinoplasty with autologous costal cartilage for nasal reconstruction in patients with saddle nose deformity due to leprosy and evaluate the aesthetic results, functional and patient. Methods: A descriptive study was conducted evaluating 10 patients with lepromatous leprosy, who had saddle nose, followed at the National Reference Center for Sanitary Dermatology and Leprosy (CREDESH) / HC / UFU, who underwent structural rhinoplasty with costal cartilage graft, which had already been discharged from polychemotherapy and there were at least one year without leprosy reaction. Results: The preoperative symptoms were, more common, aesthetic complaints and nasal obstruction (100%), followed by nasal crusting (80%), epistaxis (70%) and nasal whistling (20%). After surgery, there was an improvement in nasal obstruction in 70% of patients, nasal crusts in 87.5%, and epistaxis in 85.7% of patients. Corrections of external nasal valve dysfunction were achieved in 100% of patients. Columellar retraction and asymmetry of the nasal tip were observed in 80% and 90% of patients. In total, 62.5% and 55.5% of patients showed improvement after surgery, respectively. The increase of the nasal dorsum was performed with en block graft of costal cartilage, and diced cartilage wrapped in fascia. The resorption and diversion of cartilage grafts were minimal and did not result in significant changes in patient satisfaction. Conclusion: structural rhinoplasty with costal cartilage grafts permits a good quantity of cartilage in the manufacture of allowing a safe nasal reconstruction of the saddle nose due to leprosy. The use of diced cartilage wrapped with temporal fascia increased the nasal dorsum in patients with saddle nose by leprosy and showed a lower risk of twisting and allowed a more natural appearance to the nasal dorsum with satisfactory result. The septal L-strut reconstruction was essential in structuring the nose leading to good functional outcome, improvement of nasal patency, as well as decreased postoperative scar retraction at the post-operative time. According to the degree of satisfaction, patients reported improvement in quality of life and greater social acceptance due to good functional and aesthetic results with increased nasal patency. / Introdução: A reintegração social é o maior desfio para aqueles afetados pela deformidade de nariz em sela devido a hanseníase. A reconstrução nasal torna-se extremamente importante na reabilitação dos doentes desfigurados. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever a aplicação da técnica de rinoplastia estrutural com enxerto autólogo de cartilagem costal para reconstrução nasal de pacientes com nariz em sela devido à hanseníase e avaliar os resultados estéticos, funcionais e de satisfação do paciente. Casuística e Métodos: Um estudo descritivo foi realizado avaliando-se 10 pacientes com hanseníase virchowiana, que apresentavam nariz em sela, acompanhados no Centro de Referência Nacional em Dermatologia Sanitária e Hanseníase (CREDESH)/HC/UFU, e que foram submetidos a rinoplastia estrutural com enxerto de cartilagem costal, que já haviam recebido alta da poliquimioterapia e estavam há pelo menos um ano sem reação hansênica. Resultados: Os sintomas pré-operatórios mais comuns foram obstrução nasal e queixas estéticas (100%), seguidos por crostas nasais (80%), epistaxe (70%) e sibilos nasais (20%). Após a cirurgia, houve uma melhora da obstrução nasal em 70% dos pacientes, das crostas nasais em 87,5%, e da epistaxe em 85,7% dos pacientes. Correções das disfunções da valva nasal externa foram alcançadas em 100% dos pacientes. Retração columelar e assimetria da ponta nasal foram observados em 80% e 90% dos pacientes. No total, 62,5% e 55,5% dos pacientes mostraram melhora após a cirurgia, respectivamente. O aumento de dorso foi realizado com enxerto em bloco de cartilagem costal e o enxerto de cartilagem picada enrolado em fáscia. A reabsorção e desvio dos enxertos de cartilagem foram mínimos e não resultaram mudanças significantes na satisfação dos pacientes. Conclusão: A rinoplastia estrutural com enxerto de cartilagem costal permitiu que houvesse uma quantidade suficiente de cartilagem para a confecção dos enxertos, permitindo uma estruturação de maneira segura com reconstrução das estruturas do nariz em sela devido à hanseníase. A utilização do enxerto de cartilagem costal picada coberta por fáscia temporal para aumento do dorso nasal nos pacientes com nariz em sela por hanseníase apresentou menor risco de torção da cartilagem e permitiu um aspecto mais natural ao dorso nasal com resultado estético satisfatório. A reconstrução do suporte em L septal foi fundamental para a estruturação do nariz levando a bom resultado funcional, pela melhora da permeabilidade nasal, assim como a diminuição da retração cicatricial no pós operatório.Quanto ao grau de satisfação, os pacientes referiram melhora da qualidade de vida e maior aceitação social devido ao bom resultado estético e funcional com aumento da permeabilidade nasal. / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

Submitted by (ana.araujo@ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-10T13:45:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Richarlyson Alves D'Emery.pdf: 1523906 bytes, checksum: 81231068cc8b3e83964d8897f3385cdb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T13:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Richarlyson Alves D'Emery.pdf: 1523906 bytes, checksum: 81231068cc8b3e83964d8897f3385cdb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work investigates the use of an electronic nose prototype for prognosis of Diabetes Mellitus. The work involves five main parts: (1) building of odors database by aroma sensors; (2) an evaluation of the odors database through multivariate statistics techniques;(3) use of Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the odors recognition; (4) an evaluation of statistics and connectionist approaches; and (5) a case study. The multivariate statistical method used was the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) as characteristic extraction, beyond of an evaluation of performance for Hypothesis Test. Also had been used the K-Nearest-Neighbour (KNN) classifier for classification of odors signs. The connectionist approach involves the MLP e RBF ANN trained with de odors database. For the ANN’s inputs were used the Normalization as pre-processing of data and PCA for characteristic extraction and reduction of data dimensionality. The signals generated by the four sensors of an electronic nose prototype exposed to the urine from the diabetics and non-diabetics patients and the characteristics signals of the sensors without the presence of volatiles substances were analyzed. The use of characteristic extraction by PCA improved the performance of the classifiers used. In the experiments, theKNN classified correctly all the data set from the database divided in training and test after PCA. The better MLP ANN obtained a classification of 77% to the norma lized data without PCA use and of 100% after PCA while the RBF ANN obtained a classification of 66% to the normalized data and the 100% after PCA in the odors classification. / Esta dissertação investiga a utilização de um protótipo de nariz artificial no prognóstico da Diabetes Mellitus. O trabalho envolve cinco partes principais: (1) construção de uma base de dados de odores a partir de sensores de aroma; (2) avaliação da base de dados construída a partir de uma técnica estatística multivariada; (3) utilização das Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNs) Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) e de Função de Base Radial (RBF) no reconhecimento de odores; (4) avaliação das abordagens estatísticas e conexionistas e (5) o estudo de caso. A técnica estatística multivariada utilizada foi a Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) como extração de característica, além da avaliação de desempenho por Teste de Hipótese.Também foi utilizado o classificador K-Nearest-Neighbour (KNN) para classificação dos sinais de odores. A abordagem conexionista envolve as RNs MLP e RBF treinadas a partir da base de dados de odor construída. Para as entradas das RNs foram utilizadas a Normalização como pré-processamento de dados e PCA para extração de características e redução da dimensionalidade dos dados. Foram analisados os sinais gerados por quatro sensores de um protótipo de nariz artificial exposto à urina de pacientes diabéticos e não-diabéticos, além dos sinais característicos dos sensores sem a presença de substâncias voláteis. A utilização da extração de característica por PCA melhorou consideravelmente o desempenho dos classificadores utilizados. Nos experimentos realizados, o classificado KNN classificou corretamente todo o conjunto de dados pertencente à base de dados divida em treinamento e teste após a extração de características. As melhores RNs MLP obtiveram uma classificação de 77% para os dados Normalizados sem a utilização de PCA e de 100% após PCA. Já as melhores RNs RBF obtiveram uma classificação de 66% para os dados Normalizados e de 100% após PCA na classificação dos odores.

O objetivo sintético do presente trabalho é a síntese, caracterização e aplicação do polímero conjugado inédito de baixa Egap, poli(9,9-n-dioctil-2,7-fluorenilenovinilenoalt- 4,7-dibenzotiadiazol-2,5-tiofeno) (PF-BTB). A rota sintética proposta envolve 10 passos, dentre os quais destacam-se reações como a de Wittig e acoplamentos de paládio (Stille e Heck). A caracterização da molécula envolveu as técnicas de RMN de 1H, espectroscopias de infravermelho, UV-VIS e fluorescência, voltametria cíclica, análises térmicas (TGA e DSC) e cromatografia por permeação em gel. A primeira aplicação do polímero se deu na construção de um nariz eletrônico capaz de identificar com ótima precisão três variedades de tabaco (Burley, Flue Cured e Oriental), além de oito diferentes marcas comerciais de cigarro. Esses estudos, além da aplicação prática, serviram para mostrar a eficiência de um tipo novo de sensor para narizes eletrônicos, composto por um mesmo polímero condutor dopado com diferentes porfirinas, denominado sensor híbrido. Por fim, filmes finos do polímero PF-BTB, depositados sobre eletrodos de ouro, tiveram suas propriedades magnetorresistivas testadas em diferentes condições, apresentando valores maiores que 40%, o que é considerado muito alto para esse tipo de fenômeno em filmes poliméricos. / The aim of this work is the synthesis, characterization and application of a novel low Egap conjugated polymer, poly(9,9-n-octyl-2,7-fluorenevinylene-alt-4,7- benzothiadiazole-2,5-thiophene) (PF-BTB). The synthetic pathway comprises 10 steps, involving reaction such as Wittig\'s and palladium cross-couplings (Heck\'s and Stille\'s). The molecule was characterized by the following techniques: 1H NMR, spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy), cyclic voltammetry, thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) and gel permeation chromatography. The polymer was first used to build an electronic nose, which successfully identified three tobacco types (Burley, Flue Cured and Oriental) with high accuracy. The same system could also identify eight different cigarette brands. Besides this practical application, the experiments were designed to show the power of a new sensor type, composed by a single conductive polymer doped with different porphyrins, a composite sensor. Finally, thin films of PF-BTB deposited onto gold electrodes had their magnetoresistive properties tested under different conditions. The material showed magnetoresistance values higher than 40%, which is considered outstanding for this kind of polymeric films.

O presente trabalho envolve a síntese e caracterização de um polímero da família dos poli(p-fenilenovinileno)s (PPV), aplicável em camadas ativas de dispositivos como narizes eletrônicos, muito utilizados em várias áreas, como medicina, meio ambiente e indústria alimentícia. O trabalho visou também ao desenvolvimento de um nariz eletrônico, abrangendo o processo de preparação, o que incluiu a confecção dos eletrodos dos sensores de gases, o estudo referente ao equipamento de aquisição de dados e à comunicação com o microcomputador. Visou-se à otimização do equipamento que já vem sendo utilizado em medidas para várias detecções, estudando-se fatores como frequência da corrente alternada empregada, forma de onda (senoidal, quadrada e triangular), temperatura da amostra e distância entre os dígitos nos eletrodos. Verificou-se a possibilidade da utilização de nariz eletrônico na área de alimentos, estudando-se a identificação de méis de abelha de floradas diferentes e a detecção de fungos em laranjas pós-colheita. / The present thesis involves the synthesis and characterization of a polymer of the poly(p-phenylenevinylene) (PPV) family, applicable as active layer of devices such as gas sensors and electronic noses, which are instruments widely used in several areas, including medicine, environmental sciences and food industry. This work also aimed the full development of an electronic nose, from the making of the electrodes and sensors to the study of the data acquisition and its communication with a personal computer. In order to optimize the equipment, the influence of several factors such as frequency of the applied alternating current, its waveform (sine, square and triangle), temperature of the sample, and spacing between the digits of the electrodes were investigated. Finally, the equipment was used for the identification of honeys from different blossoms and for the detection of fungi in post-harvest oranges.

Avaliação ambiental, biológica e otorrinolaringológica foi realizada em 461 trabalhadores de 22 galvânicas com diferentes processos de tratamento de superficie: anodização, cromo duro, cromo decorativo, zincagem e processos diversos. O ar do ambiente de trabalho foi coletado individualmente e em pontos fixos, durante a semana de trabalho, para se avaliarem névoas sulfúricas e clorídricas, além daquelas referentes a cromo, níquel e zinco. Amostras de urina dos trabalhadores, foram coletadas no início e final do período de trabalho, para se determinar a concentração de Cr-U, Ni-U e Zn-U. Utilizou-se a técnica de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite para determinação de Cr-U e Ni-U; o Zn-ar, Ni-ar e o Zn-U foram determinados pela mesma técnica mas utilizando-se na atomização do analito, a chama. Os limites de detecção foram semelhantes aos encontrados na literatura internacional. Os resultados ambientais situaram-se, na sua maioria, bem abaixo dos limites de tolerância estabelecido pela legislação brasileira e internacional, ressaltando-se que, dos contaminantes avaliados, existem LTs apenas para o cromo e névoas clorídricas enquanto que limite biológico apenas para o Cr-U. Os resultados otorrinolaringológicos dos trabalhadores foram surpreendentes, considerando-se todos os processos avaliados: 35,5% de lesões médias e avançadas nas vias aéreas superiores e 40,1% de lesões iniciais e inespecíficas. Estes resultados relacionados com os obtidos nas avaliações ambientais e biológicas, dão-nos a certeza de que os limites de tolerância não são parâmetros seguros para proteger a saúde do trabalhador. / Environmental, biological, and otolaryngology evaluations were carried out on 461 workers from 22 electroplaters with different processes for the treatment of surfaces. Air from the working environment was collected both individually end from fixed points, during the working week, for evaluation of sulphuric and hydrochloric acid mists, as well as for mists of chrome, nickel and zinc. Samples of worker\'s urine were collected at the beginning and end of the work shift in order to determine the concentrations of U-Cr, U-Ni and U-Zn. Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine air-Cr, U-Cr, and U-Ni; air-Zn, air-Ni and U-Zn were determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry. The detection limits were similar to those found in the intemational literature. The environmental and biological results were in most cases below the limits set by the Brazilian and International legislation. Note that, of the contaminants evaluated, TLs are available for only chrome and hydrochloric acid mists and Biological Limits for only U-Cr. The otolaryngology results for the workers were surprising, taking into account all of the processes evaluated: 35.5% with medium and advanced lesions of the upper respiratory tract, and 40.1% with initial or non-specific lesions. These results, taken together with those obtained in the environmental and biological evaluations show that the tolerance limits are not safe parameters to protect worker\'s health.

O objetivo sintético do presente trabalho é a síntese, caracterização e aplicação do polímero conjugado inédito de baixa Egap, poli(9,9-n-dioctil-2,7-fluorenilenovinilenoalt- 4,7-dibenzotiadiazol-2,5-tiofeno) (PF-BTB). A rota sintética proposta envolve 10 passos, dentre os quais destacam-se reações como a de Wittig e acoplamentos de paládio (Stille e Heck). A caracterização da molécula envolveu as técnicas de RMN de 1H, espectroscopias de infravermelho, UV-VIS e fluorescência, voltametria cíclica, análises térmicas (TGA e DSC) e cromatografia por permeação em gel. A primeira aplicação do polímero se deu na construção de um nariz eletrônico capaz de identificar com ótima precisão três variedades de tabaco (Burley, Flue Cured e Oriental), além de oito diferentes marcas comerciais de cigarro. Esses estudos, além da aplicação prática, serviram para mostrar a eficiência de um tipo novo de sensor para narizes eletrônicos, composto por um mesmo polímero condutor dopado com diferentes porfirinas, denominado sensor híbrido. Por fim, filmes finos do polímero PF-BTB, depositados sobre eletrodos de ouro, tiveram suas propriedades magnetorresistivas testadas em diferentes condições, apresentando valores maiores que 40%, o que é considerado muito alto para esse tipo de fenômeno em filmes poliméricos. / The aim of this work is the synthesis, characterization and application of a novel low Egap conjugated polymer, poly(9,9-n-octyl-2,7-fluorenevinylene-alt-4,7- benzothiadiazole-2,5-thiophene) (PF-BTB). The synthetic pathway comprises 10 steps, involving reaction such as Wittig\'s and palladium cross-couplings (Heck\'s and Stille\'s). The molecule was characterized by the following techniques: 1H NMR, spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, UV-VIS and fluorescence spectroscopy), cyclic voltammetry, thermal analyses (TGA and DSC) and gel permeation chromatography. The polymer was first used to build an electronic nose, which successfully identified three tobacco types (Burley, Flue Cured and Oriental) with high accuracy. The same system could also identify eight different cigarette brands. Besides this practical application, the experiments were designed to show the power of a new sensor type, composed by a single conductive polymer doped with different porphyrins, a composite sensor. Finally, thin films of PF-BTB deposited onto gold electrodes had their magnetoresistive properties tested under different conditions. The material showed magnetoresistance values higher than 40%, which is considered outstanding for this kind of polymeric films.

The aim of this master thesis is modification of landing gear for accomplishment CS-23 regula-tion from that purpose, because landing gear in the use can't pass this type of certification. The first part examines the alternatives of landing gear with consideration optimal technical and eco-nomical difficulty. After finding optimal type of landing gear with shock absorber is there part of designing and computing the load. Last part of thesis is about stress analysis of whole con-cept and reconsidering final changes.

The present thesis work represents a novel and reliable strategy to develop highly sensitive, highly selective, and low-cost graphene-based gas sensors towards inorganic gases detection (NH3, PH3) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensing at room temperature. The developed strategy may allow for gas detection, odor recognition of a wide spectrum of odor molecules, as well as detection of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in an extensive variety of domains, e.g., environmental monitoring, public security, smart farming, or disease diagnosis (e.g., lung cancer, COVID-19).