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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Mapeamento de agrupamentos gênicos envolvidos na fixação biológica de nitrogênio em genomas de isolados brasileiros de cianobactérias / Mapping of gene clusters involved in biological nitrogen fixation in genomes from Brazilian cyanobacterial isolates

Souza, Bruno Costa Evangelista de 15 January 2016 (has links)
Cianobactérias são micro-organismos que realizam fotossíntese oxigênica e têm uma distribuição cosmopolita. Algumas cianobactérias são capazes de realizar fotossíntese e fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN), dois dos mais importantes processos na natureza, simultaneamente. As cianobactérias da ordem Nostocales são capazes realizar uma separação espacial destes dois processos por meio da formação de células especializadas, os heterócitos, onde acontece a fixação de nitrogênio, restringindo a fotossíntese às células vegetativas. Embora tenham importância ecológica, econômica e social, as cianobactérias foram muito pouco estudas com enfoque genômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização dos agrupamentos gênicos envolvidos na fixação biológica de nitrogênio e na diferenciação de heterócitos de três isolados brasileiros de cianobactérias da ordem Nostocales. Para este fim, culturas das linhagens Sphaerospermopsis torquesreginae ITEP-024, Nostoc sp. CENA67 e Fischerella sp. CENA161 foram sequenciadas com a plataforma MiSeq e então foi realizada a montagem ab initio do genoma com as leituras obtidas. Além desses três isolados, os genomas de outras 31 linhagens disponíveis no banco de dados GenBank foram recuperados e utilizados para comparação. A anotação dos genes foi realizada por meio do alinhamento de sequências nucleotídicas já conhecidas de outras linhagens contra os genomas dessas linhagens, utilizando a ferramenta BLASTn, e por meio do servidor antiSMASH. Além disso, análises filogenéticas foram realizadas a partir dos genes anotados. O sequenciamento dos genomas das três linhagens apresentou altos valores de qualidade de bases e elevada cobertura genômica. A anotação dos agrupamentos envolvidos na FBN revelou a presença de um total de 22 genes envolvidos na síntese da Mo-nitrogenase, sendo 19 presentes em todas as linhagens. Os isolados brasileiros apresentaram sintenia com outras linhagens próximas filogeneticamente, apresentando variação apenas na presença de regiões de excisão e do gene glbN. A linhagem CENA161 apresentou um agrupamento gênico completo para síntese da V-nitrogenase, assim como apenas outras 5 linhagens em toda a ordem. Foram encontradas nas três linhagens sequenciadas os genes devACB, relacionados à formação da camada polissacarídica do heterócito. Os genes hglEGDCA e hetM, que estão relacionados à formação da camada glicolipídica de heterócitos, foram encontrados completos nas linhagens ITEP-024 e CENA67, mas apenas parcialmente na CENA161. Genes reguladores do processo de diferenciação também foram acessados nas três linhagens brasileiras, entretanto apenas os reguladores globais do processo formam encontrados em CENA161. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que o gene nifH não reflete a filogenia do táxon e não é um bom marcador filogenético. Entretanto, a análise de todo o agrupamento refletiu o padrão filogenético de acordo com a taxonomia. Os resultados contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos aspectos genéticos e evolutivos do processo de FBN em cianobactérias. / Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms that have a worldwide distribution. Some cyanobacteria are capable of photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), two of the most important processes in nature, simultaneously. Cyanobacteria from the Nostocales order perform a spatial separation of these processes through the formation of specialized cells, heterocytes, where nitrogen fixation is carried out, while photosynthesis is limited to vegetative cells. Although cyanobacterial have ecological, economic and social importance, they have been understudied with genomic approaches. This study aimed to characterize gene clusters involved in nitrogen fixation and heterocytes differentiation from three Brazilian strains of cyanobacteria from Nostocales order. For this purpose, nonaxenic cultures of the strains Sphaerospermopsis torque-reginae ITEP-024, Nostoc sp. CENA67 and Fischerella sp. CENA161 were sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform and ab initio genome assembly was performed. In addition to these strains, genomes from 31 strains available in the GenBank database were retrieved and used for comparison. Gene annotation was performed through alignments between known genes present in other cyanobacteria and the strains genomes, using the BLASTn tool, and through the antiSMASH server. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses were performed on the annotated genes. The genome sequencing showed high bases quality values and genomic coverage. The annotation of clusters involved in the BNF revealed the presence of a total of 22 genes involved in the synthesis of Mo-nitrogenase, among 19 were present in all strains. Brazilian isolates showed synteny with phylogenetically related strains, with variations only in the presence of excision regions and glbN gene. The CENA161 strain showed a complete gene cluster for synthesis of V-nitrogenase, present in only 5 other strains in this order. devACB genes, related to the heterocyte polysaccharide layer formation, were found in the three strains sequenced. The hglEGDCA and hetM genes, related to the formation of heterocyte glycolipid layer, were complete in ITEP-024 and CENA67 strains, but only partial in CENA161. Gene regulation of the heterocyte differentiation process have also been accessed in the three Brazilian strains, but only the general process regulatory genes were found in CENA161. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene nifH does not reflect the phylogeny of this group and should not be considered a good phylogenetic marker. However, the complete genes cluster analysis reflected the patterns of phylogenetic grouping according to taxonomy. The results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic and evolutionary aspects of the BNF process in cyanobacteria.
2

Mapeamento de agrupamentos gênicos envolvidos na fixação biológica de nitrogênio em genomas de isolados brasileiros de cianobactérias / Mapping of gene clusters involved in biological nitrogen fixation in genomes from Brazilian cyanobacterial isolates

Bruno Costa Evangelista de Souza 15 January 2016 (has links)
Cianobactérias são micro-organismos que realizam fotossíntese oxigênica e têm uma distribuição cosmopolita. Algumas cianobactérias são capazes de realizar fotossíntese e fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN), dois dos mais importantes processos na natureza, simultaneamente. As cianobactérias da ordem Nostocales são capazes realizar uma separação espacial destes dois processos por meio da formação de células especializadas, os heterócitos, onde acontece a fixação de nitrogênio, restringindo a fotossíntese às células vegetativas. Embora tenham importância ecológica, econômica e social, as cianobactérias foram muito pouco estudas com enfoque genômico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização dos agrupamentos gênicos envolvidos na fixação biológica de nitrogênio e na diferenciação de heterócitos de três isolados brasileiros de cianobactérias da ordem Nostocales. Para este fim, culturas das linhagens Sphaerospermopsis torquesreginae ITEP-024, Nostoc sp. CENA67 e Fischerella sp. CENA161 foram sequenciadas com a plataforma MiSeq e então foi realizada a montagem ab initio do genoma com as leituras obtidas. Além desses três isolados, os genomas de outras 31 linhagens disponíveis no banco de dados GenBank foram recuperados e utilizados para comparação. A anotação dos genes foi realizada por meio do alinhamento de sequências nucleotídicas já conhecidas de outras linhagens contra os genomas dessas linhagens, utilizando a ferramenta BLASTn, e por meio do servidor antiSMASH. Além disso, análises filogenéticas foram realizadas a partir dos genes anotados. O sequenciamento dos genomas das três linhagens apresentou altos valores de qualidade de bases e elevada cobertura genômica. A anotação dos agrupamentos envolvidos na FBN revelou a presença de um total de 22 genes envolvidos na síntese da Mo-nitrogenase, sendo 19 presentes em todas as linhagens. Os isolados brasileiros apresentaram sintenia com outras linhagens próximas filogeneticamente, apresentando variação apenas na presença de regiões de excisão e do gene glbN. A linhagem CENA161 apresentou um agrupamento gênico completo para síntese da V-nitrogenase, assim como apenas outras 5 linhagens em toda a ordem. Foram encontradas nas três linhagens sequenciadas os genes devACB, relacionados à formação da camada polissacarídica do heterócito. Os genes hglEGDCA e hetM, que estão relacionados à formação da camada glicolipídica de heterócitos, foram encontrados completos nas linhagens ITEP-024 e CENA67, mas apenas parcialmente na CENA161. Genes reguladores do processo de diferenciação também foram acessados nas três linhagens brasileiras, entretanto apenas os reguladores globais do processo formam encontrados em CENA161. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que o gene nifH não reflete a filogenia do táxon e não é um bom marcador filogenético. Entretanto, a análise de todo o agrupamento refletiu o padrão filogenético de acordo com a taxonomia. Os resultados contribuem para a melhor compreensão dos aspectos genéticos e evolutivos do processo de FBN em cianobactérias. / Cyanobacteria are oxygenic photosynthetic microorganisms that have a worldwide distribution. Some cyanobacteria are capable of photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), two of the most important processes in nature, simultaneously. Cyanobacteria from the Nostocales order perform a spatial separation of these processes through the formation of specialized cells, heterocytes, where nitrogen fixation is carried out, while photosynthesis is limited to vegetative cells. Although cyanobacterial have ecological, economic and social importance, they have been understudied with genomic approaches. This study aimed to characterize gene clusters involved in nitrogen fixation and heterocytes differentiation from three Brazilian strains of cyanobacteria from Nostocales order. For this purpose, nonaxenic cultures of the strains Sphaerospermopsis torque-reginae ITEP-024, Nostoc sp. CENA67 and Fischerella sp. CENA161 were sequenced with the Illumina MiSeq platform and ab initio genome assembly was performed. In addition to these strains, genomes from 31 strains available in the GenBank database were retrieved and used for comparison. Gene annotation was performed through alignments between known genes present in other cyanobacteria and the strains genomes, using the BLASTn tool, and through the antiSMASH server. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses were performed on the annotated genes. The genome sequencing showed high bases quality values and genomic coverage. The annotation of clusters involved in the BNF revealed the presence of a total of 22 genes involved in the synthesis of Mo-nitrogenase, among 19 were present in all strains. Brazilian isolates showed synteny with phylogenetically related strains, with variations only in the presence of excision regions and glbN gene. The CENA161 strain showed a complete gene cluster for synthesis of V-nitrogenase, present in only 5 other strains in this order. devACB genes, related to the heterocyte polysaccharide layer formation, were found in the three strains sequenced. The hglEGDCA and hetM genes, related to the formation of heterocyte glycolipid layer, were complete in ITEP-024 and CENA67 strains, but only partial in CENA161. Gene regulation of the heterocyte differentiation process have also been accessed in the three Brazilian strains, but only the general process regulatory genes were found in CENA161. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the gene nifH does not reflect the phylogeny of this group and should not be considered a good phylogenetic marker. However, the complete genes cluster analysis reflected the patterns of phylogenetic grouping according to taxonomy. The results contribute to a better understanding of the genetic and evolutionary aspects of the BNF process in cyanobacteria.
3

Vid vilka förhållanden frodas kvävefixerande cyanobakterier i Mälaren? / Which conditions benefit nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in lake Mälaren?

Flodin, Elin January 2021 (has links)
Mälaren är Sveriges tredje största sjö och även den dricksvattentäkt som försörjer flest människor i Sverige med vatten. Ett hot mot Mälarens vattenkvalité är algblomningar då vissa cyanobakterier producerar giftiga cyanotoxiner. Under 60-talet ledde övergödningen i Mälaren till kraftiga algblomningar och för att kunna råda bot på problemet infördes ett övervakningsprogram som nu har följt Mälarens utveckling i snart 60 år. I denna studie undersöktes med hjälp av detta övervakningsprogram vid vilka förhållanden cyanobakterier, framförallt de kvävefixerande Nostocales, frodas i Mälaren. Därefter önskades slutsatser kunna dras om vilka åtgärder som kan vara lämpliga för hålla nere populationen och därmed inte utgöra en risk för dricksvattenkvalitén.  Först genomfördes en långtidsstudie för att analysera vilka parametrar som historiskt har haft den tydligaste kopplingen till biovolymen växtplankton, cyanobakterier och Nostocales med hjälp av en multivariat regressionsmodell (PLS). Från detta framgick att de undersökta parametrarna kunde förklara 29 % av variationen i biovolymen för växtplankton, 41 % för cyanobakterier och 45 % för Nostocales. För växtplankton var pH och siktdjup de parametrar som kunde förklara störst del av variationen i biovolym och för cyanobakterier och Nostocales var istället vattentemperaturen, oorganiskt kväve/totalfosfor samt halten oorganiskt kväve de parametrar som hade tydligast koppling till biovolymen.  Därefter genomfördes en säsongsstudie för att kunna förklara nutida halter och säsongsvariationer för fem av Mälarens mätstationer (Ekoln, Galten, Granfjärden, Görväln och Södra Björkfjärden). Variationen av halten cyanobakterier kopplades närmast till temperaturen eftersom cyanobakterierna till stor del var begränsade till sommar och sensommar. Övriga växtplankton kunde däremot förekomma i höga halter även under våren. Att Ekoln hade betydligt högre halter oorganiskt kväve än Galten skulle kunna förklara skillnaden i andelen Nostocales mellan de två mätstationerna, där Galten hade en stor andel Nostocales och Ekoln en låg andel. Dock kunde kvävehalten inte förklara skillnader i fördelning mellan kvävefixerande och icke kvävefixerande cyanobakterier för de andra mätstationerna. Galtens stora tillrinning, grunda förhållanden och artrikedom skulle även kunna förklara bassängens höga halter av växtplankton under hela året.  Då temperaturen visat sig vara den parameter med tydligast koppling till cyanobakteriernas tillväxt är att begränsa den globala uppvärmningen den viktigaste åtgärden för att förhindra en ökad algblommning i framtiden. Kring resterande parametrar var slutsatser svåra att dra och i och med osäkerheten i frågan är en fortsatt noggrann miljöövervakning och handlingsplan när problemen väl uppstår av stor vikt. / Lake Mälaren is the third largest lake in Sweden and the source of drinking water for two million people. A threat to the water quality of Lake Mälaren is algal blooms since some cyanobacteria produce toxic cyanotoxins. In the 1960s, eutrophication in Lake Mälaren led to heavy algal blooms and in order to handle the problem, a monitoring program was introduced that has now followed Lake Mälaren's development for almost 60 years. In this study, the conditions under which cyanobacteria, especially the nitrogen-fixing Nostocales, thrive in Lake Mälaren was analysed using data from the monitoring program. Thereafter the goal was to draw conclusions regarding which measures may be needed to keep the population down so as not to pose a risk to drinking water quality. To begin with, a long-term study was conducted to analyse which parameters have historically had the clearest connection to the biovolume of phytoplankton, cyanobacteria and Nostocales using a multivariate regression model (PLS). This showed that the examined parameters could explain 29 % of the variation in phytoplankton biovolume, 41 % of the variation in the cyanobacteria biovolume and 45 % of the variation in Nostocales biovolume. For phytoplankton, pH and water transparency were the parameters that could explain most of the variation in biovolume, and for cyanobacteria and Nostocales, water temperature, the ratio between inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus and the content of inorganic nitrogen were the parameters most clearly linked to the biovolume. Thereafter, a seasonal study was conducted to help explain current levels and seasonal variations for five of Lake Mälaren's measuring stations (Ekoln, Galten, Granfjärden, Görväln and Södra Björkfjärden). The variation of the cyanobacteria level was most closely linked to the temperature, as cyanobacteria was mostly limited to the summer. The ratio between inorganic nitrogen and total phosphorus and the content of inorganic nitrogen seemed to be an explanation for the difference between the high share of Nostocales in Galten where nitrogen was scarce, and the low proportions in Ekoln where nitrogen was abundant, but did not explain the distribution between nitrogen-fixing and non nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria in the other basins. Galten's large inflow, shallow conditions and species richness could also explain the basin's high levels of phytoplankton throughout the year. With temperature as the parameter most clearly linked to the content of cyanobacteria, limiting global warming is the most important of measures to prevent increased algal blooms in the future. With regard to the remaining parameters, conclusions were difficult to draw and due to the uncertainty in the matter, continued close environmental monitoring and an action plan once the problems arise are of great importance.

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