Orientador: Prof. Dr. João Ricardo Sato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociência e Cognição, 2016. / Com o avanço das tecnologias em neuroimagem, em principal da Ressonância Magnética Funcional, baseada no sinal Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD), possibilitou-se a realização de estudos que investigam o funcionamento de redes cerebrais. Dentre as diversas redes a Default Mode Network (DMN) e a Task Positive Network (TPN) tem se destacado na literatura. Isso se deve ao fato de que estas redes estão associadas a diferentes funções cognitivas, como por exemplo, no processo da interação social ou durante o raciocínio mecânico. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal, investigar a conectividade funcional obtida do sinal BOLD entre seis regiões pertencentes às estas duas redes, da quais três regiões estão associadas ao processo de interação social e as outras três estão associadas ao raciocínio mecânico. Esta análise foi realizada em 652 indivíduos entre a segunda infância e a pré-adolescência. Além disso, foi investigado também o possível efeito da idade, do sexo (gênero) e do comportamento social na conectividade funcional entre estas regiões. Os resultados mostram a existência de correlação negativa entre todos os pares de conexões de regiões investigados. A partir desta confirmação, verificou-se a possível influência das variáveis idade e sexo na conectividade funcional, e constatou-se o efeito da variável idade em dois pares de conexões: Córtex Pré-frontal Medial com Sulco Pré-frontal Superior, e Córtex Pré-frontal Lateral com Córtex Pré-frontal Medial. A variável sexo não alcançou valores significativos. Por fim, verificou-se a relação do comportamento social na conectividade funcional dos pares de conexões que apresentaram valores significativos na análise da variável idade. Foi encontrada a evidência de que problemas no comportamento social em crianças entre a segunda infância e a pré-adolescência estão associados a anormalidades na conectividade funcional entre um par de conexão: Córtex Pré-frontal Lateral com Córtex Pré-frontal Medial. Este achado sugere que os indivíduos com problemas de comportamento social apresentam uma correlação negativa menor, mais fraca, nesta conexão. / The advance of technology in neuroimaging, in specific Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging based on the signal Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent (BOLD), allowed to carry out studies investigating the functioning of brain networks. Among the various networks, the Default Mode Network and the Task Positive Network has been highlighted in the literature. This interest is because these networks are related to different cognitive functions, such as social interaction or mechanical reasoning. This study investigates the functional connectivity of the BOLD signal obtained from six regions belonging to these two networks, of which three regions are associated with the process of social interaction, and the other three are related to the mechanical reasoning. This analysis was performed in 652 individuals between middle childhood and preadolescence. We also investigated the potential effect of age, gender and social behavior in the functional connectivity between these regions. The results show a negative correlation between all pairs of connected regions investigated. From these findings, we examined the possible effects of the variables age and gender in the functional connectivity, and we found the effect of the variable age in two pairs of connections: Medial Prefrontal Cortex with Superior Frontal Sulcus and Lateral Prefrontal Cortex with Medial Prefrontal Cortex. The variable gender did not reach significant values. Finally, we investigate the possible effects of the social behavior in the functional connectivity in this pairs of connections that got significant values in the analysis of variable age. We found evidence that problems in the social behavior of children between middle childhood and preadolescence are associated with abnormalities in functional connectivity between a pair of connection: Lateral Prefrontal Cortex with Medial Prefrontal Cortex. These findings suggest that individuals with social behavior problems have a smaller negative correlation in this pair of connection.

Notre projet de recherche porte sur l’enseignement/apprentissage de l’oral en FLE aux étudiants russes de deuxième – et en partie de troisième - année de la faculté de langues de l’université pédagogique. Nous sommes notamment centrés sur l’agir de l’enseignant, celui-ci étant la figure clé assurant la progression du processus de l’apprentissage organisé dans une situation exolingue, en milieu hétéroglotte. Son rôle est plurifonctionnel, ses manifestations sont variables. Les polylogues pédagogiques se trouvent au cœur de nos analyses, dont le but est d’optimiser le processus d’enseignement/apprentissage par l’intermédiaire des modifications de l’agir de l’enseignant en y appliquant notre thèse du « naturel didactique » censée créer des conditions d’expression naturelles dans une situation didactique en motivant ainsi la parole des apprenants, d’une part, et en diminuant la dissymétrie des relations enseignant-apprenants, d’autre part.Les analyses quantitatives ont permis de dégager les particularités discursives des interactions verbales en groupe de FLE de l’université pédagogique russe, notamment la manière spécifique d’agir de l’enseignant. Les éléments dégagés de cette observation permettent d’ouvrir une réflexion sur la pédagogie à concevoir en contexte de la Russie. / Our research project is concerned with the teaching/apprentiship of oral French in the « French as a Foreign Language » (FLE) program for Russian students in the second and, in part, third years in the Faculty of Languages of the teaching university of Vologda. We concentrated in particular on the action of the teacher, since the teacher is the key actor who ensures progress in the learning process in a situation using a non-native language in a foreign language context. The teacher assumes multiple functions with varying manifestations. Pedagogical polylogues are at the heart of our analyses. They aim to optimize the process of teaching/learning by modifying the action of the teacher via the application of our hypothesis of « natural didactics ». This method favors the creation of conditions allowing natural expression in a didactic situation by motivating the learners to speak on the one hand, and by reducing the asymmetry of the teacher-student relation on the other. Quantitative analyses allowed us to isolate particular aspects of verbal interaction in a FLE group within the Russian teaching university and in particular the specific action of the teacher. The results of these observations open up the possibility of a study of pedagogical methods appropriate for use in Russia.