Thesis (M. S.)--Nuclear and Radiological Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006. / Dr. Cassiano de Oliveira, Committee Member ; Dr. John Mandrekas, Committee Member ; Dr. Weston M. Stacey, Committee Chair. Includes bibliographical references.

Funções de excitação para a reação 10B(14N,p)23Na a ? Lab = 165° e para a reação 10B(14N, ?)20Ne a ? Lab 4° no intervalo de energia de bombardeio de 9,5 MeV a 13 MeV foram investigadas. Em ambas as reações não se encontrou evidência, para vários grupos de partículas observadas, da forte ressonância observada na interação 12C + 12C (correspondente à excitação do estado 12+ a 33,2 MeV no 24Mg). A análise da interação 10B + 14N pelo modelo ótico mostrou que o momento angular disponível não é suficiente para popular o estado 12+ do 14Mg. As duas reações foram estudadas com base na teoria estatística de reações nucleares. As ambiguidades nos parâmetros envolvidos foram discutidas. O bom acordo obtido entre a seção de choque experimental e a seção de choque calculada pelo modelo Hauser-Feshbach indica que o processo dominante é o de núcleo composto. / The excitation functions of reactions 10B(14N,p)23Na and 10B(14N, ?)20Ne were measured at ? Lab = 4° and 165° respectively, varying the incident energy between 9,5 and 13 MeV. There is no evidence, in both reactions, of the resonance observed at ECM = 19,3 MeV in the 12C + 12C interaction (corresponding to the excitation of the 12+ state at 33,2 MeV in 24Mg). Optical model analysis of 10B + 14N interaction shows that the angular momentum of the entrance channel is too low to populate this 12+ state of 24Mg. Predictious of the statistical theory of nuclear reactions are compared with experimental reaction cross sections. The ambiguities in optical model and level density parameters are discussed. Good agreement between experimental and calculated cross sections indicates that the dominant mechanism in these reactions is the compound-nucleus process.

Com o objetivo de investigar os processos de fusão nuclear e espalhamento elástico entre íons pesados, fizemos medidas para a seção de choque de fusão dos sistemas ANTPOT.16,18 O + ANTPOT.58,60,64 Ni, no intervalo de energias de bombardeio abrangido por 38.0 E IND. LAB 72.0 MeV, e medidas para a seção de choque de espalhamento elástico dos sistemas 18O+ 58,60,64Ni, no intervalo compreendido entre 35.1 E IND.LAB 55.1 MeV. As distribuições angulares do processo de fusão foram obtidas em ângulos entre 2 IND.LAB 18 graus, enquanto que para o de espalhamento elástico a variação ocorreu para 17.5 IND.CM M 170.0 graus. Nossos resultados, para as medidas das funções de excitação dos resíduos de evaporação indicam que, na região de energias logo abaixo da barreira coulombiana, o sistema ANTPOT.18 O + ANTPOT.58 Ni apresenta um favorecimento da seção de choque de fusão bastante significativo, quando comparado A sistemática dos isótopos pares do níquel, obtida de nossos dados e da literatura. O desvio padrão do raio de interação, extraído dos sistemas ANTPOT.16,18 O + ANTPOT.58,60,64 Ni para a fusão, na faixa de energias abaixo da barreira, é comparado aqueles associados a modos de vibrações superficiais de núcleos em estados de baixas energias de excitação e de emparelhamento. Efeitos não locais também foram investigados para as referidas medidas. Neste trabalho encontra-se a análise, via modelo óptico, dos resultados experimentais do processo de espalhamento elástico para vinte e sete distribuições angulares. Por último é apresentada uma conexão entre o aumento da fusão e a anomalia de limiar na região em tomo da barreira coulombiana. / With the objective of investigating the heavy-ion fusion and elastic scattering processes, we performed measurements of fusion cross sections for the 16,18O + 58,60.64Ni systems in the bombarding energy range 38.0 ELAB 72.0 MeV and of elastic scattering cross sections for the 18O+ 58,60,64Ni systems in the interval 35.1 I EL- I 55.1 MeV. The fusion process angular distributions were obtained for angles between 2 .0 LAB 18.0 degrees, whereas for the elastic scattering the angles varied in the interval 17.5 CM M 170.0 degrees. Our results for the evaporation residues excitation functions indicate that, for energies right below the coulomb barrier, the 18 O+ 58Ni system presents a significant enhancement of the fusion cross section when compared to systematics for even nickel isotopes, obtained from our data and data in the literature. The interaction radius standard deviation extracted from the fusion data for the 16,18O + 58,60,64Ni systems at energies below the barrier, is compared to those associated to surface vibration modes of nuclei at low excitation and pairing energies. Non local effects were also investigated for these measurements. In this work, we also performed for the elastic scattering data, an optical model analysis for twenty seven angular distributions. Finally, a connection between the fusion enhancement and the threshold anomaly at energies close to the barrier is also presented.

Com o objetivo de estudar o processo de fusão entre íons pesados, realizamos medidas da seção de choque do processo de fusão nuclear para o sistema 16O + 60Ni no intervalo de energia de bombardeio ao redor da barreira coulombiana (ELAB -> 40 - 72 mEv). A técnica utilizada para a detecção dos resíduos de evaporação do núcleo composto, foi a da medida do tempo de voo, associada a um sistema de deflexão eletrostática para separar esses resíduos, das partículas com massa perto da do feixe incidente. As distribuições angulares dos resíduos de evaporação foram medidas no intervalo angular de 2° <= ? <= 18°. A função de excitação de fusão foi analisada inicialmente via modelo de penetração de barreira unidimensional que mostrou subestimar a seção de choque de fusão em energias em torno e abaixo da barreira coulombiana; desta forma procuramos ajustar os dados desta região, através do modelo de canais acoplados, que não se mostrou totalmente satisfatório. Em energias acima da barreira (na região de anomalia) também foram detectados desvios dos dados experimentais com relação às previsões teóricas do modelo unidimensional, que são explicados através de considerações de potenciais ópticos. Com o objetivo de se obter uma melhor compreensão de efeitos de estrutura nuclear nos processos de reação envolvidos, comparamos o sistema até aqui citado com o sistema 18O + 58Ni (que leva ao mesmo núcleo composto do sistema 16O + 60Ni). A comparação revelou que o primeiro sistema possui um aumento significativo na seção de choque de fusão na região subcoulombiana, em relação ao 16O + 60Ni. Isto pode estar relacionado com o fato de que as estruturas internas dos núcleos são diferentes, mas não nos foi possível confirmar esta afirmação. / With the objective to study the process of fusion between heavy ions, we measured the nuclear fusion cross section for the system 16O + 60Ni, at an energy range around the Coulomb barrier (ELAB -> 40 - 72 mEv). In order to detect the evaporation residues following the fusion process, the time of flight method was adopted in conjunction with an electrostatic deflector capable of separating the evaporations residues from the beam particles. The angular distributions of the evaporation residues were measured in the angular range of 2° <= ? <= 18°. The excitation function was analyzed using the unidimensional barrier penetration model. Theoretical fusion cross sections obtained from this analysis were smaller than our measured values, in the energy region near and below the Coulomb barrier. In order to discover which channels enhance the fusion cross section in this region, a coupled channel calculation was performed, but did not lead to satisfactory results. Theoretical predictions for the unidimensional model were compared to the experimental fusion cross section (anomaly region). We compared the systems 18O + 58Ni and 16O + 60Ni (which lead to the same compound nucleus) to understand the nuclear structure effects in the reaction process. This comparison showed that the cross section of the first system is larger than for 16O + 60Ni, at energies below the Coulomb barrier. This could be possibly to the different internal structures of the nuclei, but it was not possible to confirm this affirmation.

Usando um modelo de um canal efetivo, o qual contem efeitos de acoplamento de canais através da presença de um potencial de polarização dependente da energia, nós estudamos, em energias abaixo da barreira, as reações de fusão dos sistemas A1 ANTPOT. Ni+ A2 ANTPOT. Ni e 16ANTPOT. O + A ANTPOT. Sm. Com o auxilio de uma relação de dispersão inversa, obtivemos a parte imaginária desse potencial em termos da parte principal da integral envolvendo a parte real do mesmo. A consistência deste método foi verificada através da comparação entre este potencial empírico e o potencial de polarização efetivo determinado a partir de um acoplamento específico de canais. Foram também calculados o primeiro e segundo momentos da distribuição de momentos angulares da seção de choque parcial de fusão. / Using an effective one channel model which contains channel coupling effects through the presence of an inclusive energy dependent polarization potential, we studied sub - barrier fusion of the systems A1Ni + A2Ni and 16O+ASm . With the aid of an inverse dispersion relation, we obtained the imaginary part of this potential. The consistency of this method is c hecked by comparing this empirical polarization potential with the one determined from the explicit consideration of a specific channel coupling. The first and the second moments of the angular momentum distribuition of the partial fusion cross-section were calculated also.

M.Phil. (Chemistry) / This project concerns the study of , specifically, the incomplete fusion mechanism. The nuclear reaction 7Li + 176Yb at 50 MeV was therefore carried out using the AFRODITE and DIAMANT facility of iThemba LABS. A 7Li nuclide is considered suitable for the breakup fusion (incomplete fusion) reaction because of its well developed cluster structure of an -particle and triton which are weakly bound in this nucleus. One of the breakup fragments may be captured by the target while the other escapes at the beam velocity. Light charged-particles (alpha, tritons, deuterons and protons) were detected with the DIAMANT (CsI) array in co-incidence with gammarays detected by the AFRODITE (HPGe) spectrometer. The light particle detection in co-incidence with gamma detection was an important innovation that allowed exclusivity in the reconstruction of the mechanism by which specific residues were produced. Off-line data processing was used to produce charged-particle-gated gamma-gamma coincidence matrices which were analysed with the RADWARE software package. The level scheme exclusive to a particular channel for the production of the 178Hf was extracted. The relative cross-section for the various reaction channels could also therefore be extracted. In particular, the intensity ratios of gamma transitions as function of spin for proton to triton-gated matrices populating the 178Hf isotope were extracted. Insights could be developed into the incomplete fusion reaction mechanisms initiated by the breakup of the incident 7Li projectile.

The first experimental demonstration of feedback suppression of rotating external kink modes near the ideal wall limit in a tokamak using Kalman filtering to discriminate the n = 1 kink mode from background noise is reported. In order to achieve the highest plasma pressure limits in tokamak fusion experiments, feedback stabilization of long-wavelength, external instabilities will be required, and feedback algorithms will need to distinguish the unstable mode from noise due to other magnetohydrodynamic activity. When noise is present in measurements of a system, a Kalman filter can be used to compare the measurements with an internal model, producing a realtime, optimal estimate for the system's state. For the work described here, the Kalman filter contains an internal model that captures the dynamics of a rotating, growing instability and produces an estimate for the instability's amplitude and spatial phase. On the High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse (HBT-EP) experiment, the Kalman filter algorithm is implemented using a set of digital, field-programmable gate array controllers with 10 microsecond latencies. The feedback system with the Kalman filter is able to suppress the external kink mode over a broad range of spatial phase angles between the sensed mode and applied control field, and performance is robust at noise levels that render feedback with a classical, proportional gain algorithm ineffective. Scans of filter parameters show good agreement between simulation and experiment, and feedback suppression and excitation of the kink mode are enhanced in experiments when a filter made using optimal parameters from the experimental scans is used.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第18383号 / エネ博第295号 / 新制||エネ||61(附属図書館) / 31241 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中村 祐司, 教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 前川 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

This thesis presents a comprehensive investigation into the observations and suppression of sawtooth instabilities on the High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse (HBT-EP) device. The principle and design of a new tangential multi-energy extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray (ME-EUV/SXR) diagnostic system is presented. This system enables the clear detection of sawtooth events for the first time on HBT-EP. It is the first multi-energy tangential-view system designed to work in a temperature range below 200 eV in a tokamak, which enables measurements of the electron temperature and the examination of mode dynamics. By employing a combination of 0.1 um aluminum and 0.2 um titanium filters, the system allows measurements of electron temperature profiles through reconstruction of the emission profile using the standard ``double-foil'' technique. Using the tangential ME-EUV/SXR diagnostic system, the thesis reports on the first detailed observations of sawtooth events on HBT-EP, analyzing their features and comparing the findings with results from other devices. It investigates the phenomenon of discharge scenario bifurcation, where plasma exhibits distinct behaviors under similar parameters. The study examines the correlation between the amplitude of the edge mode and the strength of sawtooth events, along with the role of the conducting wall system in this context. It was found that when the normalized wall radius 𝒃/𝒂 is within a critical value, the edge mode can be stabilized and strong sawtooth events occur. In-depth analysis is performed on the modes present during sawtooth-suppressed stages, with a particular focus on the coupling between the 1/1 helical core (HC), 2/1 tearing mode (TM) and the 3/1 external kink mode (𝐗𝐊). Evidence is provided to support the effectiveness of magnetic flux pumping in suppressing sawtooth instabilities when the 3/1 𝐗𝐊 exhibits a significant amplitude. Conversely, the suppression of the 3/1 𝐗𝐊 due to stabilization by the conducting wall leads to the weakening of magnetic flux pumping, resulting in the occurrence of strong sawtooth events. In conclusion, this thesis contributes to the understanding of sawtooth instabilities on the HBT-EP tokamak and highlights the role of magnetic flux pumping as a mechanism for sawtooth suppression. It broadens the understanding of flux pumping across various tokamak operational regimes and demonstrates the potential of sawtooth suppression through external mode manipulation. This contributes to the future development of sawtooth control strategies, improving plasma stability and advancing fusion energy research.

A scheme, analogous to the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO), is used to calculate rates of reactions for the fusion of nuclei con¯ned in molecules. As an example, the possibility of nuclear fusion in rotationally excited H2O molecules of angular momentum 1¡ is estimated for the p + p + 16O ! 18Ne¤(4:522; 1¡) nuclear transition. Due to a practically exact agreement of the energy of the Ne resonance and of the p + p + 16O threshold, the possibility of an enhanced transition probability is investigated. / Physics / M.Sc.