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As a phenomenological tool, the Interacting Boson Model (IBM) has been useful and successful in correlating a wide variety of experimental data regarding the collective properties of many nuclei. The original version of the IBM did not distinguish between protons and neutrons and is referred to as the IBM-1. Microscopic investigation of the model revealed the need for explicit proton and neutron degrees of freedom and, thus, the IBM-2 was developed. The net result is a model, the IBM-2, motivated by microscopic theory, which is a boson description of collective features in medium-to-heavy mass even-even nuclei, and which is capable of distinguishing proton and neutron characteristics. A review is presented of the concept of using boson descriptions of many-fermion systems, and the IBM is introduced in a historical context. Next, the use of the IBM-2 as a phenomenological tool is investigated. The model is applied to the even zinc isotopes and the model is found to give a reasonable description of the experimental data. In the phenomenological calculations, the parameters of the IBM-2 Hamiltonian are adjusted until good agreement is obtained with the experimental data. To put the theoretical basis of the IBM-2 on firm ground, it is important to be able to calculate these parameters microscopically. A framework is developed in which such calculations can be performed for non-deformed nuclei. Results are presented for the mercury isotopes and discussed in detail. The calculated parameter values agree for the most part with the values obtained by phenomenological fit but with some exceptions. Similar calculations are performed for the platinum isotopes. The results for these isotopes are then related to the concpet of F-spin multiplets. When the Surface Delta Interaction (SDI) is used, several simplifications can be made in the IBM. In certain schematic situations, the parameters of the IBM-2 Hamiltonian can be related directly to the strength of the SDI. Several interesting results are obtained whose full implication will be investigated in the future. In conclusion, the IBM is discussed in relation with its application to other topics, both within and beyond the realms of nuclear physics. Several appendices are attached in which many algebraic details are shown explicitly. A brief summary is given of the computer codes that have been written in connection with this work.

The Interacting Boson Model (IBM) has been very successful in describing the collective properties of nuclei. This work concerns two systematic applications of the model, one involving configuration mixing, and the other involving octupole bands. The even isotopes of mercury are of special interest because of the coexistence of two sets of bands, of very different character, in the lighter nuclei. The neutron-proton IBM (IBM-2) with configuration mixing provides a good description, both of states built on the normal ground state and of those associated with a proton pair excitation across the Z = 82 closed-shell gap. Eleven isotopes are studied, ranging from the middle of the neutron shell to very near the doubly closed shell at ²⁰⁸Pb. The same Hamiltonian is used for all the nuclei studied, with parameters which are constant or smoothly varying. There have been extensive IBM studies of low-lying positive parity bands, which are based on the ground state and the quadrupole degree of freedom. The present work comprises the first systematic IBM study of the corresponding negative parity bands, which are based on the octupole degree of freedom. In this model, an f boson is coupled to a positive parity core, described by the usual s and d bosons. This is done within the original IBM framework, called IBM-1, which does not include separate neutron and proton degrees of freedom. The IBM octupole model is presented and the phenomenology is explored, both for the full model, and for the SU(3) limit of the model. Calculated energy spectra and B(E3) transition rates are presented for nine deformed rare-earth nuclei. There is good agreement with available experimental data for these nuclei. It is shown that nuclei for which the two lowest octupole bands are K = 2 and 0 cannot be described within the present model. In this case, it appears that separate neutron and proton octupole degrees of freedom are necessary. The exchange term in the Hamiltonian is shown to arise from a neutron-proton octupole-octupole interaction. A consistent octupole model is developed and successfully applied to the nucleus ¹⁶⁸Er.

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Several low-lying levels in the exotic N = Z nucleus 62Ga have been observed for the first time using a new fast β-decay tagging system at the Argonne National Laboratory. The system provides enhanced selectivity on proton-rich nuclei, produced in heavy-ion fusion-evaporation reactions, that exhibit ‘fast’ β decays compared with isobaric contaminants. A 103 MeV beam of 40Ca ions, produced by the Argonne Tandem-Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS), was used to bombard an isotopically enriched 24Mg target, allowing 62Ga nuclei to be produced via the evaporation of one proton and one neutron in heavy-ion fusion evaporation reactions. Prompt γ rays were detected by the Gammasphere array, and recoiling reaction products dispersed by their mass-to-charge ratio by the fragment mass analyzer (FMA). New β-tagging capabilities were provided by the installation of a 1 mm thick, highly segmented 160×160 double-sided Silicon strip detector (DSSD) at the focal plane of the FMA, which allowed implanted reaction residues to be correlated in both space and time with subsequent β+ decays. The experiment was carried out with the benefit of digital acquisition systems for the Gammasphere, FMA and DSSD. The exotic nucleus 62Ga has a β-decay half-life of ∼ 100 ms. The main contaminants in the 40Ca + 24Mg fusion-evaporation reaction are 62Zn, which has a ∼ 9 hour half-life, and 58Ni, which is stable. A clean ‘singles’ γ-ray spectrum of 62Ga transitions was made permissible for the first time by the high levels of selectivity achieved, through requiring the detection of a β particle in the DSSD in close proximity to implanted reaction residues within 400 ms of implantation. Several low-lying low-spin states are reported in this thesis work, and discussed in the context of previous experimental results and theoretical predictions made using shell model, deformed shell model and IBM-4 calculations.

The low-lying structures of the extremely neutron-deficient nuclei 106Te, 107Te, 110Xe, 170Ir and 172Au have been investigated experimentally. Prompt gamma rays emitted in fusion-evaporation reactions were detected by the Jurogam HPGe array. The gamma rays were assigned to specific reaction channels using the recoil-decay tagging technique provided by the gas-filled separator RITU and the GREAT focal-plane spectrometer. The experimental set-up and the technique used to extract the information from the experimental data are described in detail. Results were interpreted in terms of the nuclear shell model and Total Routhian Surface calculations. In addition, decay studies on 170Ir, 172Au and 164Re led to the discovery of new alpha-decay branches in these nuclei. / QC 20100730

The purpose of this project was to analyze data from an experiment carried out at LNL (Legnaro National Laboratories) in order to test the collective nuclear model. In the experiment 170Dy was created by multi-nucleon transfer reactions. This isotope is predicted to be the most collective of all nuclei with A < 190. γ-ray energies originating from its deexcitation allow to measure its collectivity. The PRISMA spectrometer was used to determine which ions were produced in the reactions and AGATA measured the γ-radiation from these products. The analysis consists of a calibration process of all detectors and eventually leads to the identication of 170Dy and of its deexcitation energies. This report explains the analysis procedure and some of the steps to identify the reaction prodcuts and corresponding γ-ray energies were performed. Xe-isotopes and corresponding γ-spectra have been identied.

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