The features of upwelled water are cold, salty and nutrient-rich. However, factors such as the air-sea exchanges of heat affect temperature, and freshwater input from rivers, precipitation and evaporation affect salinity. As biologically important elements are mostly in the dissolved inorganic forms in young upwelled waters, and are mostly in the particulate organic forms in old upwelled waters, the aging status of upwelled waters can be expressed as the relative percentages of biologically important elements in the inorganic and organic forms. Further, nutrients may be consumed by biological productivity. For these reasons, we hereby judge upwelling in the Taiwan Strait (TS) between 2000 and 2002 by the Degree of Nutrient Consumption (DNC, DNCC = and DNCX = ¡AX is nitrogen or phosphorus). The value of DNC is low in young upwelled waters but high in old upwelled waters. In summer, autumn and winter, waters at, or east of, a front in the northeastern Taiwan Strait were affected by the Kuroshio off eastern Taiwan. This front divides the Kuroshio water, the South China Sea (SCS) water that flows through the TS and the Coastal China Current water (in winter). The implications are that not all currents in the Taiwan Strait flow in a northerly direction, even in summer. Because the axis of Kuroshio moved away from eastern Taiwan and upwelling weakened in SCS in 2002, salinity east of the front was fresher, and nutrient and DON were lower in 2002 than 2001. On the other hand, upwelling induced higher DON west of the front. In August, 2002, the water in the southern TS was higher in temperature, more salty, but nutrient and DON were lower than in 2001 because of weakened upwelling in the SCS, and water that intruded into the TS had a higher percentage of Kuorshio. The trend of upwelling, DNCC,P,N was along the west Penghu Channel from bottom to surface. Rates of temperature, salinity and DNCC,P,N variation were greater during 2001 than in 2002, reflecting slower rate of upwelling in 2002.

O cerne dos programas de auxílio-alimentação no Brasil foi a necessidade de combater a desnutrição que acometia uma considerável parte da população brasileira. A desnutrição foi superada no país, que atualmente enfrenta um outro problema relacionado à alimentação, que é o crescente número de pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade. As transformações nos padrões nutricionais e alimentares, influenciadas pelas mudanças sociais, econômicas e demográficas que ocorreram ao longo das últimas décadas, contribuíram com o aumento do número de casos de pessoas com excesso de peso e de doenças associadas. Trata-se de problemas de saúde pública que geram perdas econômicas e de bem-estar. Diante desse cenário e da escassa literatura que avaliou os efeitos dos programas de auxílio-alimentação ao longo dos anos, esta pesquisa buscou analisar os impactos desses programas nos índices antropométricos, especificamente no excesso de peso e na obesidade, e também no consumo de grupos de alimentos e componentes alimentares dos trabalhadores beneficiados. Para tanto, utilizou-se os dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008/2009 e o método Propensity Score Matching. Os resultados apontaram que receber auxílio-alimentação aumenta as chances de obesidade entre as mulheres e de sobrepeso entre os homens. A análise por estratos de renda evidenciou que as chances de excesso de peso e obesidade são maiores entre os homens mais pobres, do primeiro estrato, e de obesidade para as mulheres do segundo estrato. Em relação aos impactos nos grupos de alimentos, foi observado um aumento no consumo de alimentos pertencentes ao grupo de Frutas; Farinhas e massas, Bebidas e Preparações Mistas e uma redução no consumo de Grãos e Legumes, entre as mulheres beneficiárias. Já para os homens que recebem o benefício, foi observado aumento no consumo de alimentos dos grupos das Farinhas e massas, Óleos e gorduras, Bebidas, Pizzas e salgados e de Oleaginosas, em comparação aos não beneficiários. Os resultados referentes à ingestão de nutrientes revelaram que as beneficiárias consumiram mais: Energia, Proteína; Carboidrato, Colesterol; Cálcio; Magnésio, Fósforo; Ferro; Selênio; Retinol; Vitaminas: A, B1, B2, B3, Equivalente a B3, B6; B12 e Folato; Açúcar total e de adição. Já os homens beneficiários ingeriram maiores quantidades de: Energia; Carboidrato; Magnésio, Selênio, Vitaminas: B1, B3, B6, E e Folato; Ácidos graxos: poliinsaturados, poliinsaturado 18:2 e trans total; e Açúcar total e de adição. Conclui-se, portanto, que os programas de alimentação dos trabalhadores estão contribuindo, muitas vezes, com a piora da saúde dos assistidos, em especial os mais pobres. Em partes, os programas de auxílio-alimentação reduzem a qualidade alimentar dos beneficiários e beneficiárias, pois eles consomem maior quantidade de alimentos e de componentes alimentares nocivos ao equilíbrio nutricional, ao mesmo tempo que também ingerem mais nutrientes benéficos ao correto funcionamento do organismo. / Food assistance programs in Brazil used to have as its main goal the control of malnutrition that affected large part of the population. However, malnutrition is today much reduced in Brazil, and the country is facing another problem - the increasing of overweight and obese people. Changes in nutritional and food preferences, affected by social, economic and demographic evolution in the last decades, have been collaborating to increase the number of overweight people and related diseases in the population. These problems cause economic and welfare losses. Nevertheless, the literature still lacks deep studies in this topic. In this context, this research aims to analyse the impact of a food assistance program for employees in weight and obesity indices as well as in the consumption of food and nutrients by Brazilian workers. For that, we use the database from Brazilian Expenditure Survey 2008/09 and apply the Propensity Score Matching method. Our results show that be a participant of food assistance program increases the probability of obesity between women and of overweight among men. Our results point out that the probability to be overweight is greater for poor men and the probability to be obese is greater for both poor men and women. Regarding the impact on food consumption, the results evidence, for women, an increase in the consumption of fruits, flours and pastas, drinks and regional preparations and a reduction of grains and vegetables. For men, the results point out an increase in the consumption of flours and pastas; fat food, drinks; pizzas and oilseeds. About nutrients, women participants raise their consumption of energy, carbohydrate, proteins, cholesterol, calcium, phosphor, iron, selenium, magnesium, retinol, total and additional sugar, folate and vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, and B3 equivalent. On the other hand, men participants increase their consumption of energy, carbohydrate, selenium, magnesium, total and additional sugar, vitamins B1, B3, B6, E and folate; and fatty acids: polyunsaturated, polyunsaturated 18: 2 and trans fats total. In summary, our results support the conclusion that this Brazilian food assistance program has contributed, in many cases, to deteriorate their participants health, specially the poor\'s, and the main channel for that is the reduction of the quality of consumption of food and nutrients by their participants. But the program also contributes to increase the consumption of some important nutrients.

Submitted by VANESSA REJANE NOGUEIRA GAVIOLLI null (vanessagaviolli@uol.com.br) on 2016-03-09T14:34:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE.FINAL.VANESSA.GAVIOLLI.pdf: 1138806 bytes, checksum: c22c11314b95c3ddb9e2b11121799f64 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-10T16:21:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gaviolli_vrn_dr_jabo.pdf: 1138806 bytes, checksum: c22c11314b95c3ddb9e2b11121799f64 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-10T16:21:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gaviolli_vrn_dr_jabo.pdf: 1138806 bytes, checksum: c22c11314b95c3ddb9e2b11121799f64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas contendo diferentes fontes protéicas, sobre o consumo de nutrientes, produção e composição química do leite e parâmetros sanguíneos de vacas da raça Holandesa. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no setor de bovinocultura de leite da FCAV/UNESP, Campus de Jaboticabal. Foram avaliadas 05 vacas da raça Holandesa, pesando em média de 560 kg, alocadas conforme a ordem de parição, dias de lactação e nível de produção em quadrado latino 5 x 5. As vacas receberam rações que constituíram os seguintes tratamentos: T1 = silagem de milho (SM) + concentrado comercial 20,85% PB + mistura mineral (M); T2 = SM+ farelo de soja + milho (Mi) +M; T3= SM+ farelo de algodão + Mi + M; T4 = SM + farelo de amendoim + Mi + M e T5= SM + torta de sementes de seringueira + Mi + uréia + M. Avaliou-se o consumo de matéria seca (CMS), proteína (CPB), extrato etéreo (CEE), fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN), fibra em detergente ácido (CFDA) e matéria mineral (CMM) das diferentes dietas. Utilizou-se a SM como volumoso e concentrados contendo em média 21,85% de proteína bruta, e mistura mineral. Determinou-se a produção diária de leite e a produção corrigida a 3,5% de gordura. Foram obtidos os teores de gordura, proteína, lactose e calculados os teores de sólidos totais e de extrato seco desengordurado. Foram determinados os parâmetros sanguíneos além da eficiência de produção das vacas. O consumo de fibra em detergente ácido foi maior (P<0,01) para as vacas que receberam as dietas contendo a torta de sementes de seringueira. As médias (kg/vaca/dia) de consumo de CMS, CPB, CEE, CFDN, CFDA e CMM foram, respectivamente, de 18,06, 4,66, 2,02, 27,30, 12,53 e 2,37. Houve semelhança (P>0,05) nas médias de produção diária de leite, cujas médias (kg/dia/vaca) foram de 21,79; 22,87; 23,00; 21,43 e 21,43 nos tratamentos T1, T2, T3, T4 e T5, respectivamente. A composição química do leite das vacas submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos foi semelhante, assim como a eficiência de produção (P>0,05). Em relação aos parâmetros sanguíneos, os teores de glicose, AST e GGT não apresentaram diferença estatística (P>0,05) e permaneceram dentro dos parâmetros adequados para vacas leiteiras. A utilização de 15% de torta de sementes de seringueira é uma opção a mais como ingrediente para uso no concentrado para vacas leiteiras. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets with different protein sources on nutrient intake, production and chemical composition of milk and blood parameters of Holstein cows. This study was conducted in dairy cattle sector of FCAV / UNESP, Jaboticabal. Were evaluated 05 Holstein cows, weighing on average 560 kg, allocated according to calving order, days of lactation and level of production in Latin Square 5 x 5. The cows received rations were the following treatments: T1 = silage maize (SM) + commercial concentrated 20.85% CP + mineral mixture (M); T2 = SM + soybean meal + maize (Mi) + M; T3 = SM + cottonseed meal + Mi + M; T4 = SM + peanut meal + Mi + M and T5 = SM + rubber seeds cake + Mi + urea + M. Evaluated the dry matter intake (DMI), protein (CP), ether extract (EE) , neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and mineral matter (CMM) of the different diets. We used the SM as roughage and concentrates containing an average of 21.85% crude protein and mineral mixture. It was determined daily milk production and adjusted to 3.5% fat. the fat content was obtained, protein, lactose and calculated the total solids and nonfat dry extract. Blood parameters were determined besides cows production efficiency. fiber consumption acid detergent was higher (P <0.01) for cows fed diets containing the rubber seeds cake. Mean (kg / cow / day) CMS consumption, CPB, EEC, NDF, CADF and CMM were respectively 18.06, 4.66, 2.02, 27.30, 12.53 and 2, 37. There were similar (P> 0.05) in mean daily milk production, whose average (kg / cow / day) were 21.79; 22.87; 23,00; 21.43 and 21.43 in T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5, respectively. The chemical composition of milk from cows subjected to the different treatments was similar, as well as the production efficiency (P> 0.05). In relation to the blood parameters, the levels of glucose, AST and GGT showed no statistical difference (P> 0.05) and remained within the proper parameters for dairy cows. The use of 15% of rubber seeds cake is an additional option as an ingredient for use in concentrate for dairy cows.