Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

<p> The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with knowledge, overall and for sodium, of the 2015 <i>Dietary Guidelines for Americans</i> (DGA) among Dietetic Interns in Southern California. Specifically, a survey assessed whether Interns&rsquo; knowledge is related to their self-efficacy related to applying the DGA, belief that the DGA is a trusted resource for nutritional advice, eating patterns, and sodium intake behaviors. The survey was created for this particular project and administered via Qualtrics online Software. Pearson correlations demonstrated that there were statistically significant, positive correlations between self-efficacy and knowledge of the DGA, overall and for sodium. These results suggest that Interns&rsquo; self-efficacy may be related to their knowledge of the DGA, overall and for sodium.</p>

<p> The purpose of this directed project was to develop a free online curriculum on the basics of motivational interviewing intended for professionals or students in the field of dietetics. The goal was to develop a website called, &ldquo;A Dietetics-Focused Motivational Interviewing Basics Course&rdquo; at no cost that would be easily accessible by the target audience. This website was intended to be a resource to sharpen the skills of dietetics professionals and students in the basics of motivational interviewing by incorporating interactive learning with four PowerPoint presentations, class quizzes, written activities, example counseling videos, and a pre/post-test. The program curriculum was developed based on the most recent literature on motivational interviewing and nutrition and online curriculum development. It is the job of dietitians to promote positive behavior change of their patients or clients. Availability of a free, easily accessible MI resource, may help dietitians to maintain client-centered counseling skills.</p>

Disruptions in the regulation of food intake and metabolism can result in obesity or anorexia. It is clear that zinc deficiency results in anorexia and previous research suggests the existence of alterations in energy efficiency and metabolism. Zinc deficiency results in changes in neuropeptides that regulate energy intake and expenditure. Numerous diagnostic conditions also result in anorexia and wasting, similar to that of zinc deficiency. However, the mechanism underlying these abnormalities remains unknown, and the behavioral and metabolic effects of zinc deficiency have not been fully established. Therefore, the purpose of this work is to fully characterize the behavioral and metabolic consequences of zinc deficiency and its association with anxiety, and to suggest mechanisms underlying the anorexia associated with zinc deficiency and other clinical conditions. Despite differences in locomotor activity between zinc deficient(ZD, zinc, ad lib) and pair-fed (PF, 28 ppm zinc, amount consumed by ZD), there were no differences in MR, RQ or BMR. This suggests a greater metabolic cost of activity may exist in ZD. Contrary to previous studies, this work shows a decrease in consummatory food intake with zinc deficiency without evidence of alterations in appetitive motivational behaviors. This suggests that zinc deficiency alters the hedonic impact of food reward, but not the motivation to seek food. The data presented here also suggests an anxiogenic effect associated with zinc deficiency, which may be involved in the hedonic changes in food intake. Furthermore, this work suggests that alterations of the opioid reward system may be involved in the anorexia and anxiety-like behaviors produced by zinc deficiency. / A Thesis submitted to The Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2003. / Date of Defense: April 1, 2003. / Zinc Deficiency, Metabolism / Includes bibliographical references. / Cathy W. Levenson, Professor Directing Thesis; J. Michael Overton, Committee Member; Charles Ouimet, Outside Committee Member.

PURPOSE: To determine the acute effects of nighttime pre-sleep consumption of casein protein and a placebo supplement on morning measures of RMR and appetite in pre- and postmenopausal women. METHODS: This study was a randomized crossover double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Fourteen pre- (n=7, age: 20 ± 2 years) and postmenopausal (n=7, age: 56 ± 5 years) women participated this study. On visit one subjects arrived to the laboratory between 8:00am and 12:00pm. Measurements of anthropometrics, body composition (DXA) and familiarization with RMR measurement were conducted. Visits two and three were used to assess the responses of appetite and RMR to nighttime pre-sleep consumption of a casein protein (35 g, 130 kcals) or placebo supplement 7.2g, 10 kcals). On both visits subjects arrived to the laboratory between 6:00am and 9:00am. Subjects completed a visual analogue scale (VAS) to assess hunger, satiety and desire to eat. This was followed by measurement of RMR via indirect calorimetry. After the completion of visit two subjects returned for visit three and the protocol was repeated. Dependent variables were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences between pre- and postmenopausal women. RMR and measures of hunger, desire to eat, and satiety was analyzed using 2x2 ANOVA (menopause status by supplement). Significance was accepted at p≤0.05 and data were reported as means ± standard deviations. RESULTS: There were no differences in subject characteristic of body composition and caloric intake between pre- and postmenopausal women except for age (pre:20 ± 2; post: 56 ± 5 yrs, p=0.001). There were significant group (pre- vs. postmenopausal) by supplement (casein protein vs. placebo) interactions for RMR expressed as total calories per day [F(1,12)=14.474, p=0.003, effect size (ES)=0.547] and oxygen consumption (VO2) (F(1,12)=7.633, p=0.017, ES=0.389). After consuming casein protein, total caloric expenditure (placebo: 1426 ± 260; casein protein: 1304 ± 269 kcals/day) and relative VO2 (placebo: 3.46 ± 0.40; casein protein: 3.14 ± 0.28 ml/kg/min) were significantly lower in premenopausal women. There were no effects of the supplements in postmenopausal women. No group by supplement interactions or main effects were found on measures of appetite. CONCLUSION: Casein protein did not benefit RMR and appetite in pre- and postmenopausal women. In premenopausal women RMR was lower after consumption of casein protein. This seems unlikely since VO2 measures were extremely high under the placebo condition in premenopausal women. Although casein protein showed no metabolic or appetite effects it is conceivable that an increase of protein in the diet could lead to other advantageous health outcomes over time. Overall the findings support the growing evidence that snack sized portions (150-200 kcal) are not harmful to metabolism or appetite when consumed before sleep. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the Master of Science. / Summer Semester 2017. / June 28, 2017. / Feeding, Nighttime, Placebo, Postmenopausal, Protein, Sedentary / Includes bibliographical references. / Lynn B. Panton, Professor Directing Thesis; Michael J. Ormsbee, Committee Member; Jeong-Su Kim, Committee Member.

Background Chronic diseases are prevalent among African Americans (AA) with the likelihood increasing with aging and in postmenopausal women. Diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are the major risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD) but they also influence bone health among postmenopausal women. It has been suggested that there is a possible common link between CVD and bone health, as studies showed that unfavorable bone health may be higher in people with diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia— all major CVD risks. Another factor that may influence both CVD and bone health is the diet and a consumption of dairy foods, particularly the fermented dairy foods like yogurt. It is well established that low dairy consumption might lead to the deficiency of essential nutrients like calcium, magnesium, vitamin D, some B vitamins, protein and omega-3 fatty acids, all crucial in both CVD and bone health. Historically, AA are known to consume low amounts of dairy foods, in comparison to Caucasian Americans (CA), due to either true or perceived lactose intolerance or to some cultural preferences. The purpose of our study was to examine the consumption of fermented dairy foods (emphasis on yogurts) and their association with major CVD risk factors (diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia), as well as the connection with osteopenia/osteoporosis in mid-life and older AA women. Methods African American women (n=70) were recruited from the community centers and events such as health fairs in North Florida. Sample size for some variables varied due to missing data and to have normality. Blood pressure and anthropometrics including weight, height, abdomen, hip and waist circumferences were measured in the standard fashion. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to assess body composition (fast and lean tissue) and bone mineral density (BMD) at different skeletal sites — (total body, spine, femur, forearm). Fasting blood samples were collected to analyze serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, and cholesterol/HDL ratio. The risk for CVD was estimated using the American Heart Association and Framingham Assessments, taking into consideration confounders and clinical variables. Food frequency questionnaire and three-day dietary records were used to assess overall dietary intake from which dairy and yogurt intake was calculated. Habitual physical activity was assessed with a self-reported questionnaire. In addition, the questionnaires to collect information about demographics, medication use and gastrointestinal symptoms were used as well. Nutrition knowledge about dairy foods before and after the educational sessions was assessed using pre- and post-tests. SPSS (version 24) was used to analyze data, including descriptive statistics, t-tests, Pearson correlations, and multiple regression. P<0.05 was deemed significant. Results Study included n=70 AA women who were 63.0±7.7 years old (mean±SD) with a BMI of 32.0±5.0 kg/m2. Approximately 70% of the participants had at least one chronic disease (diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia) but only n=4 participants had osteopenia or osteoporosis (T-score for hip and/or spine <-1.0). Approximately 17.1% reported perceived lactose intolerance and over 70% of the participants had gastrointestinal symptoms with varying severity. Calcium intake was 788.3±520.6 mg/day, and yogurt intake amounted to 0.12±0.20 servings/day. Higher yogurt intake was associated with lower blood pressure and LDL. Participants with diabetes, hypertension, and/or dyslipidemia consumed more calcium than those without these diseases (752.1±517.6 mg/day versus 805.0±527.9 mg/day) but less servings of yogurt (0.11±0.20 versus 0.14±0.21). Multiple regression showed that CVD risk was significantly predicted by left femur BMD, age, and systolic blood pressure. Physical activity was positively associated with calcium intake. Also, the most physically active participants consumed significantly (p<0.05) higher amounts of yogurt (servings/day). The nutrition knowledge, based on true/false and multiple-choice questions that participants answered correctly, increased significantly (p<0.05) from pre- to post-test (66.6±14.5% versus 82.1±12.9%). Conclusion Overall, low calcium and yogurt consumption, perceived lactose intolerance, and dairyrelated gastrointestinal symptoms tended to be associated with a higher CVD risk. In addition, decreased yogurt consumption was associated with decreased BMD of the total body. Nutrition knowledge significantly increased after educational session. Based on our results, yogurt consumption benefited CVD risk and related risk factors in addition to bone health (depending on the skeletal site). Nutrition awareness and exposure to information about dairy is likely to help improve the cardiovascular and bone health of the target population. Future research should investigate the influence of blood pressure, diabetes and dyslipidemia on bone health as they seem to be common risk factors for CVD and osteopenia/osteoporosis. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Spring Semester 2018. / December 19, 2017. / Dairy, Diabetes, Dyslipidemia, Hypertension, Osteoporosis, Yogurt / Includes bibliographical references. / Jasminka Ilich-Ernst, Professor Directing Dissertation; Alice-Ann Darrow, University Representative; Bahram Arjmandi, Committee Member; Penny Ralston, Committee Member.

Background and Significance: The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and pre-diabetes continues to increase. Many individuals are not aware of having the disease or early stages of the disease, pre-diabetes, until symptoms develop and it is of particular importance to try to prevent the development of T2DM during the pre-diabetic stage. T2DM is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality due to its increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), where more than half of individuals with T2DM will die from complications due to CVD. Diet and lifestyle modifications play a critical role in the development and prevention of pre-diabetes and T2DM. Much focus has been given to limiting carbohydrate consumption within this population, yet there are no established recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for pre-diabetes and T2DM for protein consumption. The intake of protein above the RDA may play a role in prevention or progression of T2DM and risk factors associated with CVD. There is a sparsity of studies examining the role of protein on glycemic control as well as CVD in people with pre-diabetes and T2DM. Therefore, the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between protein consumption as well as animal versus plant protein on glycemic control and indices of cardiovascular health in individuals with pre-diabetes and T2DM. Methods: A total of 62 men and women with pre-diabetes or T2DM that were overweight or obese between the ages of 45-75 years old were in included in this study. Participants were stratified based on their intake from a three-day food record into the following three groups based on their protein intake: protein levels of less than 0.8 grams per kilogram body weight (g/kg/bw), between 0.8 to 1.0 g/kg/bw and greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/bw as below-, meeting-, and above recommended-levels, respectively. During the study visit, after an overnight fast, participant's blood was drawn, anthropometric parameters were assessed, resting brachial blood pressure was taken, duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans were completed, and three-day food records were assessed. Results: Weight, body mass index (BMI), and hip circumference (HC), were higher in participants who consumed below and meeting the recommended levels of protein (P≤0.01 for all values and P<0.05 for all values, respectively) than those in the above recommended protein group. Waist circumference (WC) was greater (P≤0.01) for participants who consumed below recommended protein levels versus those who consumed above the recommended level. There were differences (P<0.05) in total energy, monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and fiber intake, as well as animal and plant protein consumption amongst groups. When groups were compared, intake of animal protein, similar to total protein was different amongst groups (P≤0.01). Whereas plant protein intake was only greater in participants consuming above the recommended protein level (P≤0.01, P=0.02, below and recommended protein levels, respectively). The results of this study suggest that the higher the animal-to-plant protein ratio the higher the insulin secretion as indicated by the HOMA- β equation. Our findings also demonstrated that the higher the plant protein intake the lower the high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol concentration. Furthermore, a higher animal protein intake was associated with lower triglyceride (TG) concentrations. Participants who consumed above recommended protein had lower (P≤0.01) fat mass (FM) and higher lean mass (LM) (P<0.05) in all sites assessed when compared to participants who consumed below or recommended protein levels. Fat-to-lean mass ratio (FM/LM) ratio was lower in participants who consumed above the recommended protein level when compared to participants who consumed below (P=0.03) and recommended protein (P≤0.01) levels. Total-, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-, and HDL-cholesterol were significantly higher in participants who met the recommended protein intake (P=0.01, P≤0.01, P=0.04, respectively) versus participants who consumed below the recommended protein. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that consumption of greater than or equal to 1.0 g/kg/bw protein is associated with lowered insulin resistance in addition to BMI, HC, WC, and FM without having adverse effects on lipid profiles in overweight and obese individuals with pre-diabetes or T2DM. Additionally, increased animal protein was associated with better β-cell function and lower TG levels. / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Fall Semester 2018. / November 2, 2018. / Cardiovascular Risk, Dietary Protein, Glycemic Control, Pre-diabetes, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / Includes bibliographical references. / Bahram H. Arjmandi, Professor Directing Dissertation; Cathy W. Levenson, University Representative; Robert C. Hickner, Committee Member; Lynn B. Panton, Committee Member.

The antigenic properties of the low molecular weight (LMW) proteins, polypeptides and peptides of several plant foods were evaluated. Trichloroacetic acid (0.6 M) was used to isolate the non-proteins nitrogen fraction of selected tree nuts, oilseeds, legumes and cereals. The antigenicity and cross-reactivity for LMW proteins, polypeptides and peptides were evaluated with polyclonal antibodies raised against almond, almond major protein (AMP), cashew major protein (CMP), peanut, pecan, pistachio and walnut glutelin and monoclonal antibodies raised against AMP (mAb 4C10 and 4F10) and cashew (Ana o 1-4B7 and Ana o 2-4H9). Three immunological assays were utilized to determine antigenicity and cross-reactivity, including Dot blotting, Western blotting and ELISA. The ELISA utilized in this study used rabbit anti almond as the primary antibody, and the almond standard curve had an IC50 value of 0.4837 ± 0.028 mg/ml. Significant antigenicity and cross-reactivity in the NPN fraction was found with Dot blot, Western blot and ELISA assays. Antigenic peptides with a molecular weight range of 7.69-31.02 kDa were identified. TCA extracted tree nut and oilseed samples were typically more cross reactive than legumes and cereals. Typically, cereals were not determined to be cross-reactive in more than one assay. Polyclonal antibodies that were raised against whole proteins recognized more antigenic LMW species than polyclonal antibodies that were more specific. Also, monoclonal antibodies did not recognize any cross-reactive species in the NPN fraction. This study serves as a preliminary tool for LMW antigen identification and can guide the direction of future research in this area. Establishing clinical relevance in humans will be important before these LMW antigens can be considered allergens. If identified antigens are determined to be allergens, research focused on reducing their allergenicity can be approached. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Degree Awarded: Summer Semester, 2004. / Date of Defense: June 25, 2004. / Antigenicity, plant proteins, low molecular weight proteins, NPN / Includes bibliographical references. / Shridhar K. Sathe, Professor Directing Thesis; Kenneth H. Roux, Committee Member; Anahita Mistry, Committee Member.

Although there are limited data to support significant increases in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following resistance training, recent investigations have shown excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) to be significantly elevated above baseline for up to 72 hours in untrained and trained men. PURPOSE: To compare the effects of two acute bouts of resistance exercise of differing loads on EPOC. METHODS: Eight experienced resistance trained males (22 ± 3 yrs.) were recruited to participate in this investigation. Subjects participated in two randomized acute resistance training bouts separated by at least one week with a total volume of weight lifted of 10,000 kg and 20,000 kg. A high intensity lifting protocol was used with subjects lifting approximately 85% of their 1 repetition maximum for each of the following 4 lifts; bench press, barbell squat, barbell row and Romanian deadlift. Exercise energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate (RMR) were measured by indirect calorimetry during both exercise bouts and for 30 minutes approximately 8.5 and 1.5 hours prior to each acute bout of exercise (baseline measurements) and again approximately 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours following exercise. Creatine kinase and ratings of perceived muscle soreness were measured with all post exercise metabolic measurements and immediately prior to and post exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze dependent measures. Significance was accepted at p / A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. / Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2009. / Date of Defense: March 30, 2009. / Excess Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption, EPOC, Resting Metabolic Rate, Weight Lifting, Resistance Training / Includes bibliographical references. / Lynn Panton, Professor Directing Dissertation; Andy Rudd, Outside Committee Member; Emily Haymes, Committee Member.

BACKGROUND: There is a window of opportunity for the overnight period where pre-sleep protein intake yields favorable benefits. Previous studies report that dietary protein consumption prior to sleep is fully digested and absorbed by the body, thereby stimulating overnight muscle protein synthesis, and increases resting metabolism the following morning compared to placebo in college-aged men. However, little is known about how pre-sleep feeding effects the female population or how whole foods influence metabolism the following morning compared to a liquid supplement. PURPOSE: To investigate the extent to which consumption of cottage cheese (CC) effects next-morning resting energy expenditure (REE) and appetite compared to isocaloric casein protein (CP) and a non-energy containing placebo (PL) when consumed before sleep in active, college-aged females. METHODS: In a randomized, partially-blind, crossover design, ten active females (age, 23.1 ± 1.8 yrs; body fat, 22 ± 4.6%) ingested either pre-sleep CC (160 kcals, 30g protein, 10g carbohydrate, 0g fat), CP (160 kcals, 30g protein, 10g carbohydrate, 0g fat) or PL (0 kcals) ~30 min before sleep. To maintain exercise regimen throughout the study, participation in physical activity took place every other day to exclude the 24 hours leading up to an experimental visit. All participants were tested during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Participants slept overnight in the laboratory and upon waking the next morning (0500-0800), measurements of REE and subjective measures of satiety, hunger, and desire to eat were recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA for metabolic variables and changes in appetite. Significance was accepted at P < 0.05. All values are reported as means ± SD. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in acute and next morning REE as well as no differences in sleep quality, RER and measures of hunger, satiety and desire to eat the following morning across treatments. CONCLUSIONS: In college-aged, active females pre-sleep consumption of 30g of protein (160kcals), from either cottage cheese or casein protein, is not metabolically different than consuming a non-caloric placebo. These results suggest eating at night pre-sleep does not hinder next morning metabolism. / A Thesis submitted to the Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science. / Fall Semester 2017. / October 6, 2017. / active, metabolism, nutrition, pre-sleep feeding, protein / Includes bibliographical references. / Michael J. Ormsbee, Professor Directing Thesis; Lynn B. Panton, Committee Member; Diana L. Williams, Committee Member.