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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The development of the neurosensory elements of the inner car: the role of sox2and notch signalling

Mendes Neves, Joana 11 December 2009 (has links)
The experiments described in this thesis report were aimed at studying the functions of Sox2 and Serrate1 during the development of the neurosensory elements of the inner ear. First, we have described the expression pattern of Sox2 during inner ear development and compared to that of Sox3 and Serate1. Secondly, we have shown the results of plasmid based in ovo electroporation experiments, designed to manipulate gene expression exogenously, and to study the gain of function of Sox2 and Serrate1. Effects on cell fate and downstream targets were assessed by in situ hybridization immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).The results show that Sox2 is expressed in the neurosensory domain of the otic epithelium during the neurogenic period of otic development and, later on, during the development of the prosensory patches and sensory organs. As differentiation proceeds, Sox2 is excluded from differentiated neurones and hair cells, but remains expressed in the supporting cells of the sensory organs. Sox3 is co-expressed with Sox2 in the neurogenic domain of the otic cup. But Sox3 is then down-regulated and only Sox2 expression persists in the sensory precursors, where it is co-expressed with the Notch ligand Serrate1. The expression domain of Serrate1 is initially nested within Sox2, however, later in development Sox2 becomes restricted within the boundaries of Serrate1 expression, a process that is concomitant to the formation of the sensory patches. These expression patterns suggest: 1) that Sox2 correlates with neurosensory fate in the otic placode, 2) that neurogenesis is associated with Sox2 and Sox3 and 3) that sensory development is associated with Sox2 and Serrate1.Gain of function studies show that Serrate1 regulates prosensory fate and sensory organ development by maintaining Sox2 expression in restricted domains of the otocyst, without affecting neurogenesis. Serrate1 operates in a Notch-dependent manner, consistently with a mechanism of lateral induction that includes the induction of its own expression and downstream targets of the Notch signalling pathway Hes1, Hey1 and Hey2. Similar studies on Sox2 indicate that it specifies neurosensory fate in the otic epithelium. However, high concentrations of Sox2 suppress sensory fate and promote neuronal fate. Besides, Sox2 prevents cell differentiation though the cooperation with Notch and BMP signalling pathways.We like to propose a model in which an extended neural competence is early established in the otic placode with the early expression of Sox2 and Sox3 genes. The cooperation between Sox2 and Sox3 then provides a high concentration of SoxB1 protein and promote neuronal fate. In parallel, Serrate1 maintains Sox2 expression in restricted domains, after Sox3 down-regulation. These domains retain the neurosensory competence and thereby develop as sensory patches. / Los experimentos descritos en esta tesis tuvieron por objetivo estudiar la función de Sox2 y Serrate1 en el desarrollo de los elementos neurosensoriales del oído. En primer lugar describimos el patrón de expresión de Sox2 durante el desarrollo del oído y lo comparamos con el de Sox3 y Serrate1. En segundo lugar, mostramos los resultados de experimentos de electroporación in ovo, diseñados para manipular exógenamente la expresión génica y estudiar la ganancia de función de Sox2 y Serrate1. Los efectos sobre el destino celular y las dianas moleculares se analizaron mediante hibridación in situ, inmunocitoquímica y real-time PCR (qRT-PCR).Los resultados muestran que Sox2 se expresa en el dominio neurosensoerial del epitelio ótico durante la fase de neurogénesis y, más adelante, durante el desarrollo de los parches prosensoriales y los órganos sensoriales. Con la diferenciación, Sox2 es excluido de las neuronas diferenciadas y las células ciliadas, pero permanece expresado en las células de soporte. Sox3 se coexpresa con Sox2 en el dominio neurogénico de la copa ótica. Pero entonces, la expresión de Sox3 se reduce y sólo Sox2 persiste en los precursores sensoriales, en donde se co-expresa con el ligando de Notch Serrate1. El dominio de expresión de Serrate1 está inicialmente contenido en el de Sox2, sin embargo, más adelante, Sox2 se restringe dentro de los límites de Serrate1, un proceso que es concomitante con la formación de los parches sensoriales. Estos experimentos sugieren que : 1) Sox2 se correlaciona con el destino neurosensorial de la placoda ótica, 2) la neurogénesis está asociada con Sox2 y Sox3, y 3) el desarrollo sensorial está asociado a la expresión de Sox2 y Serrate1Los estudios de ganancia de función muestran que Serrate1 regula el destino prosensorial y el desarrollo de los órganos sensoriales mediante el mantenimiento de la expresión de Sox2 en dominios restringidos del otocisto, sin afectar a la neurogénesis. Serrate1 opera en un modo dependiente de Notch, consistente con un mecanismo de inducción lateral que comprende la inducción de su propia expresión y la de las dianas de Notch Hes1, Hey1 and Hey2. Estudios similares sobre Sox2 indican que Sox2 especifica el destino neurosensorial en el epitelio ótico. Sin embargo, las concentraciones altas de Sox2 suprimen el destino sensorial y promueven el destino neuronal. Además, Sox2 previene la diferencoiación celular mediante la cooperación con Notch y Bmp. Se propone un modelo en el cual la competencia neural se establece tempranamente en la placoda ótica mediante la expresión temprana de Sox2 y Sox3. La cooperación entre Sox2 y Sox3 provee una alta concentración de factores SoxB1 que promueven el destino neuronal de los progenitores. En paralelo, Serrate1 mantiene la expresión de Sox2 en dominios restringidos tras la supresión de Sox3. Estos dominios, retienen el potencial neurosensorial y, más adelante, se desarrollan como parches sensoriales.
2

Spatial control of inner ear neurogenesis by retinoic acid, Tbx1 and her genes

Radosevic, Marija 12 July 2011 (has links)
Sensory neurons are key mediators of the transduction of external stimuli from the ear to the brain, essential for the sense of balance and hearing. Understanding when, where and how the sensory nervous system is assembled during development can provide insights on deafness and balance disorders. Here, I show in zebrafish that Her9 transcription factor is a key element in the regulation of the otic neurogenesis. Loss of Her9 function leads to the ectopic expression of neurogenic genes neurod and neurod4. Moreover, I show that Her9 acts downstream of Tbx1, and both genes are activated by retinoic acid signaling emanating from the paraxial mesoderm and negatively regulated by Hedgehog signaling. Altogether, the data demonstrates a role of retinoic acid in axial patterning and the establishment of a neurogenic domain through Tbx1 and Her9. At later stages, retinoic acid has an additional role by regulating neuronal differentiation in the statoacoustic ganglion. / Les neurones sensorials de l’oïda interna són mediadores claus en la transducció dels estímuls externs des de l’oïda interna al cervell. Entendre a on, quan i com el sistema nerviós sensorial s’organitza durant el desenvolupament embrionari pot ajudar en l’estudi de les malalties neurosensorials. En el present treball, mostro en peix zebra que el factor de transcripció Her9 és un element clau en el control de la neurogènesi òtica i que Her9 es troba sota el control directe del factor Tbx1. A més, ambdos factors estan regulats de manera positva per la via de senyalització de l’àcid retinoic i negativament per la vía de hedgehog. En resum, la tesis demostra un paper de l’àcid retinoic en la regionalització axial del primordi òtic en l’eix anteroposterior i l’establiment d’un domini neurogènic a través de Tbx1 i Her9. En estadis tardans, l’àcid retinoic regula la diferenciació neuronal en el gangli estato-acústic.

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