Five different combinations of Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) and temperatures were used in a two stage (feed and test reactor) Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion System to assess the impact of these parameters on the production of odorous gases. The gases monitored were hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl sulphide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, and amines. Other liquid parameters were also monitored in order to better understand the impacts of temperature and HRT. These parameters are total solids content, volatile solids content, volatile solids destruction, specific oxygen uptake rate, alkalinity, ammonia concentration, and pH. In order to assess the character of the sludge and understand the digestion process the carbohydrate, fat, and protein content were also measured in the inputs and in the test reactor. It was found that all of the odorous compounds measured were affected by stage of digestion and temperature more than by HRT. Of the five compounds monitored, none were affected by changes in the HRT of the test reactor. However, the concentrations measured in the feed and test reactors were often a degree of magnitude apart. The reduced sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulphide) were found in higher concentrations in the feed reactor than in the test reactor; whereas ammonia and amines were found in much higher concentrations in the test reactor than in the feed reactor. Also, ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in both reactors when the temperature was higher; and amine concentration was higher in the test reactor when the temperature was higher. One set of tests for volatile fatty acid concentration was also undertaken. While breakdown of the carbohydrates and fats occurred throughout the process, proteins were broken down into their amino acids, releasing reduced sulphur compounds in the feed reactor and then deaminated, releasing ammonia and amines in the test reactor.

In this study, three chemical scrubbing processes were investigated to test their performances for removing odorous compounds in waste gases emitted from feed-drying operations. A gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas detector tubes were used for the identification of odorous species and their concentrations in the waste gases. Results indicate that toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes, and styrene could be detected while their concentrations were all below the detection limits. However, trimethylamine, amine, mercaptans, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and acetic acid could be detected with the detector tubes. A two-stage scrubbing system with a gas flow rate of 10 L/min was used to test its performance for the odor removal. Results demonstrate that an ¡§acidic chlorination-alkaline sulfite scrubbing¡¨ process was effective. The pertinent operating conditions were found to be: (1) a pH of 6.4-6.6 and total residual chlorine of 55-85 mg/L for the acidic-chlorination solution, and (2) a pH of 8.0-8.5 for the alkaline sulfite solution with a sulfite concentration of 10,000 mg/L (as SO2). By the conditions, ammonia, trimethylamine, and amine in the odorous gas could be completely removed. A sensory measurement indicates that the odor concentration could be reduced from 17,378 to 232 after scrubbing. Cost estimation indicates that it required a chemical cost of NT$ 5.74 for removing the odors from 1,000 m3 of the gas. This study has successfully developed an economical and effective chemical scrubbing technology for the removal of odorous gas emitted from feed-drying operations. It could be applied to the treatment of odorous gases emitted from the manufacture of feeds, seafood, and other related operations.

Five different combinations of Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) and temperatures were used in a two stage (feed and test reactor) Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion System to assess the impact of these parameters on the production of odorous gases. The gases monitored were hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl sulphide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, and amines. Other liquid parameters were also monitored in order to better understand the impacts of temperature and HRT. These parameters are total solids content, volatile solids content, volatile solids destruction, specific oxygen uptake rate, alkalinity, ammonia concentration, and pH. In order to assess the character of the sludge and understand the digestion process the carbohydrate, fat, and protein content were also measured in the inputs and in the test reactor. It was found that all of the odorous compounds measured were affected by stage of digestion and temperature more than by HRT. Of the five compounds monitored, none were affected by changes in the HRT of the test reactor. However, the concentrations measured in the feed and test reactors were often a degree of magnitude apart. The reduced sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulphide) were found in higher concentrations in the feed reactor than in the test reactor; whereas ammonia and amines were found in much higher concentrations in the test reactor than in the feed reactor. Also, ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in both reactors when the temperature was higher; and amine concentration was higher in the test reactor when the temperature was higher. One set of tests for volatile fatty acid concentration was also undertaken. While breakdown of the carbohydrates and fats occurred throughout the process, proteins were broken down into their amino acids, releasing reduced sulphur compounds in the feed reactor and then deaminated, releasing ammonia and amines in the test reactor.

Five different combinations of Hydraulic Retention Times (HRT) and temperatures were used in a two stage (feed and test reactor) Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion System to assess the impact of these parameters on the production of odorous gases. The gases monitored were hydrogen sulphide, dimethyl sulphide, methyl mercaptan, ammonia, and amines. Other liquid parameters were also monitored in order to better understand the impacts of temperature and HRT. These parameters are total solids content, volatile solids content, volatile solids destruction, specific oxygen uptake rate, alkalinity, ammonia concentration, and pH. In order to assess the character of the sludge and understand the digestion process the carbohydrate, fat, and protein content were also measured in the inputs and in the test reactor. It was found that all of the odorous compounds measured were affected by stage of digestion and temperature more than by HRT. Of the five compounds monitored, none were affected by changes in the HRT of the test reactor. However, the concentrations measured in the feed and test reactors were often a degree of magnitude apart. The reduced sulphur compounds (hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, and dimethyl sulphide) were found in higher concentrations in the feed reactor than in the test reactor; whereas ammonia and amines were found in much higher concentrations in the test reactor than in the feed reactor. Also, ammonia concentrations were significantly higher in both reactors when the temperature was higher; and amine concentration was higher in the test reactor when the temperature was higher. One set of tests for volatile fatty acid concentration was also undertaken. While breakdown of the carbohydrates and fats occurred throughout the process, proteins were broken down into their amino acids, releasing reduced sulphur compounds in the feed reactor and then deaminated, releasing ammonia and amines in the test reactor. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this study was as follows: 1. Elucidate the laboratory conditions under which Anabaena circinalis produces the noxious odor component or components in maximum concentration, 2. Isolate the major noxious odorous metabolite(s), 3. Structurally define the odorous metabolite(s), 4. Quantitate the amount of metabolite(s) that a given amount of the organism produced.

Turkish Air Quality Control Regulation (AQCR) is in force since 1986. However, AQCR does not contain any standards for odour control. In order to respond to various odour complaints and handle odour problems in Turkey, a regulation for odour control is necessary. Since Turkey is a candidate country for European Union, environmental legislation of Turkey has to be improved to the standards of the other member countries. The purpose of this study is to investigate the &ldquo / odour problem&rdquo / in Turkey, specifically in Ankara, and to establish the odour measurement techniques. The techniques and information acquired throughout this study will form the basis of &ldquo / Odour Regulation&rdquo / in Turkey. For this purpose, odorous gas samples were collected from different industries in Ankara and these samples were analysed with the Olfactometer TO7. The results of the emission measurements have shown that there are numerous industries in Ankara which are discharging high concentrated odorous gases into the environment. Also, field measurements (immission measurements) were performed around a sugar factory in order to determine immission levels. At the end of the immission measurements, a setback distance (buffer zone) of 1.5 km is determined that should be around a sugar factory. The implementation of an odour regulation and odour control technologies in Turkey is expected in near future.

Foraging activity and food preferences of odorous house ants (Tapinoma sessile (SAY)) were investigated in both the field and laboratory. Foraging activity was examined in the field from April to September 2001 by attracting T. sessile to feeding stations containing a 20% sucrose solution. Ant foraging activity was recorded over a twenty-four hour period along with ambient temperature to examine possible correlations with ant activity patterns. Results indicate that foraging activity may be influenced by both time and temperature. In April and May when temperatures dropped below approximately 10 C, little or no foraging activity was observed. However, in the summer when temperatures were generally higher, foraging activity was greater during relatively cooler times of the day and night. Under laboratory conditions, T. sessile was attracted to feeding stations and foraged throughout the day and night at a constant temperature of approximately 25 C. Evaluations of seasonal food preferences using carbohydrate, protein and lipid samples were also conducted throughout the spring and summer. Results indicated no seasonal shifts in food preference in foraging ants; T sessile consistently preferred sugar and protein rewards over lipids. Macronutrient choice assays were preformed on T. sessile to evaluate specific food preferences. Several different carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and salts were tested in both liquid and gel formulation. Results indicated significantly greater consumption of sucrose solution at a concentration of approximately 20% compared with other sugars tested (fructose, glucose, trehalose and maltose). In addition, strong feeding responses were observed to both casein hydrolysate and lactalbumin hydrolysate at a 5% concentration. The addition of NaCl to 15% sucrose gel samples also enhanced feeding responses. Lipids were generally ignored by T. sessile and in most cases decreased consumption of the sample. Various amino acids did not enhance feeding responses and were similar to water. / Master of Science

The aim of this thesis was to make the evalution of the produced emissions of odorours substances and dust particles of PM 2,5 fraction from intensive poultry farming. Measurements were implemented according to the valid methodologies in poulty farm which is in Sudoměřice u Bechyně.

As agricultural production grows, the focus is on improving air quality, which affects not only residents around farms, but also climate change on a global scale. This thesis deals with the measurement of particulate pollutants and odor emissions in intensive poultry farming. The measurements were carried out at the Farma U Lesa in Sudoměřice u Bechyně in the spring and autumn of 2018. The production specific emission of odorous substances into the air was evaluated using dynamic olfactometry according to ČSN EN 13 725, which ranged from 0.01 to 0 according to the fattening cycle phase, 3 OUE. Ks-1. s-1. Compared to the BREF reference document, which lists emission odor values from 0.032 to 0.7 OUE. Ks-1. s-1 the measured values on the farm Mr. Šonky came out very low. Dust particles of PM10 fraction were measured according to the ČSN EN 12 341 methodology for the measurement of dust particles and the production specific emission of PM10 particles was found, which during the whole fattening cycle was measured to a maximum of 0.0025 kg. Ks-1.year-1. The measurement results were compared with the BREF reference document, where the maximum permissible production of solid pollutants of this fraction from 0.004 to 0.025 kg. Ks-1.year-1. In comparing the measured dust emission values with the BREF, the production of harmful emissions was very low.

Le vin est un milieu complexe qui évolue tout au long des étapes devinification. Pour mieux appréhender ses qualités et ses défauts, de nombreuses équipesde recherche s’intéressent à la compréhension de la chimie du vin. Dans ce contexte, lesujet de ce mémoire concerne l’étude de l’évolution chimique de certaines moléculespolyphénoliques du vin sous conditions oxydantes et/ou acides, afin d’isoler et decaractériser de nouveaux composés susceptibles de se former dans le vin. Deux aspectssont examinés. Le premier concerne l’oxydation de deux flavano‐ellagitannins, lesacutissimines A et B, formées à partir d’un monomère de tannins condensés, lacatéchine, et d’un ellagitannin C‐glucosidique, la vescalagine, extraite du bois de chênepar le vin lors de l’élevage en barrique. Cette étude a permis d’isoler les mongolicaïnes Aet B et deux analogues du camelliatannin G et de mettre en évidence leur formation parun mécanisme d’autoxydation. Le deuxième aspect concerne l’évaluation desconséquences de la présence de certains polyphénols dans le vin sur les composésthiolés odorants. Leur comportement et leur réactivité chimiques sont décrits dans desmilieux différents, avec l’hémisynthèse de thio‐ellagitannins sous conditions acides, et laformation d’adduits thio‐catéchols et thio‐pyrogallols sous conditions oxydantes,transformations chimiques pouvant occasionner la perte des odeurs et arômes du vindus aux composés thiolés odorants. / The wine is a complex medium that evolves throughout the different stages ofthe wine making process. To understand both the qualities and defects of wine,numerous research team worldwide investigate the chemistry of wine. In this context,the subject of this thesis concerns the study of the chemical evolution of some winepolyphenolic molecules under oxidizing and/or acidic conditions in the aim of isolatingand characterizing new compounds likely formed in wine. Two aspects are examined.The first one is the study of the oxidation of two flavano‐ellagitannins, acutissimins Aand B, formed from a monomer of condensed tannins, catechin, and a C‐glucosidicellagitannin, vescalagin, extracted from oak wood by the wine solution during its agingin barrels. This study led to the isolation of mongolicains A and B and two analogues ofcamelliatannin G, and revealed their formation according to an autoxydationmechanism. The second aspect of this work concerns the consequences of the presencein wine of some polyphenols on wine odorous thiols. Their chemical behavior andreactivity are described in different media, with the hemisynthesis of thio‐ellagitanninsunder acidic conditions, and the formation of thio‐catechol and thio‐pyrogallol adductsunder oxidizing conditions, chemical transformations that could explain the loss ofodors and aromas due to wine odorous thiols.