The diploma thesis is devoted to determining factors influencing the intensity of two-way trade between the Czech Republic and other member countries of the OECD. In order to fulfil this objective, a model based on principles of the so called gravity equation is constructed. Using a dataset of 35 cross-sectional units (repre-senting the 35 member states of the OECD), observed during the 2007–2016 pe-riod, the impact of the economically relevant variables on the volume of Czech export and import is estimated. Apart from the usual panel data analysis, the vari-ability of the regression parametres within the given time time period is also ex-amined, using cross-sectional approach. Obtained results, among other things, suggest that the impact of the selected explanatory variables on Czech export and import can be considered rather symmetrical.

Income inequality is in a majority of earlier studies more or less affirmatively agreed to be negatively related to economic growth. The underlying complexity of the connection lacks well-tried backing in the modern time. The main purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between income inequality and economic growth, but also the effects of other factors, such as human capital and investment. This is conducted with a panel data approach on 34 OECD countries with data over the period 1990-2010. Aggregate income inequality, represented by the Gini coefficient is used in the empirical estimation, together with two other variables to control for the income inequality at the bottom and top end of the income distribution. The results indicate the aggregate inequality level to be significantly and positively related to growth, while bottom end and top end inequality is seen to have a significant and negative relationship with growth. The level of GDP per capita, education and population growth is also seen to have an impact on economic growth.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce specialising in Taxation. Johannesburg, August 2016. / The impact of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development’s Standard on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information in Tax Matters has a significant impact on Financial Institutions globally. This paper aims to critically evaluate the current South African legislation and the obligations it places on financial institutions. The research also highlights the challenges faced by a financial institutions in interpreting and implementing the often complex requirements of the regulations with a particular focus on the following areas namely customer on-boarding and enhanced due diligence procedures, monitoring of accounts, remediation of the existing customer base, system development, and reporting to the South African Revenue Service. The research also looks into the readiness of developing countries in implementing the Automatic Exchange of Information. The research concludes with a discussion into the appropriateness of South Africa’s decision to agree to be one of the early adopters of this legislation despite the challenges identified above. Key Words: OECD, Standard on Automatic Exchange of Financial Account Information for Tax purposes, Common Reporting Standard, Financial Institutions. / GR2018

For several decades, the subject of immigrants and the integration of them has been a highly debated subject, both in politics and research. As the number of immigrants only seems to increase, the relevance of economic assimilation does aswell. The existing research within this field largely focuses on immigrants’ wage development while less attention is paid to their employment levels, implying that there are gaps in the literature. This thesis aims to contribute to filling the gap by examining how the role of governmental spending on labor market programs affects the employment rate amongst immigrants as a proxy for economic assimilation. This paper utilizes a panel data that observes 28 OECD member countries between the years 2004–2018. All the observations are obtained from the OECD Statistics database. The panel data is applied to a fixed effects linear Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) model. While the hypothesis in this paper suggests that economic assimilation is promoted by increased LMP spending, the results indicated on the opposite; increased LMP spending seems to decrease immigrant employment rate by 2.4% and thus not promoting economic assimilation of immigrants. Though uncertain, this effect seems to weaken considering time lags.

Denna studie ämnar undersöka vilka effekter arbetslöshetsersättningens nivåer kan ha på arbetslösheten i utvecklade ekonomier och öka förståelsen för vad länder kan göra för att minska eller bevara låga nivåer av arbetslöshet. Studien har för avsikt att besvara två hypoteser; En högre nivå på arbetslöshetsersättning leder till en högre arbetslöshet, och en högre nivå på arbetslöshetsersättning ökar arbetslöshetsnivåerna mer för män jämfört med kvinnor. Den teoretiska grunden för uppsatsen bygger på WS-PS-modellen, DMP-modellen samt Alternativkostnadsteorin, som alla kan ge en fördjupad förståelse av hur ersättningsnivåer och dess ekonomiska inverkan kan påverka individers chanser och vilja att åter finna ett arbete.   Uppsatsens datamaterial är hämtat från OECD:s samlade information gällande 32 länders arbetslöshet- och ersättningsnivåer mellan åren 2001 och 2020. Analysen utgår från ländernas nivåer på arbetslöshetsersättningen och den totala arbetslösheten efter 2 månader och 1 år. Vidare genomförs en jämförande analys mellan kvinnor och män.   I resultatet av studien framgår det att det verkar finnas ett samband där högre ersättningsnivåer också leder till högre nivåer på arbetslöshet. Vidare framgår även att det kan finnas en tendens till att sambandet är något starkare för män jämfört med kvinnor, men här har inte nollhypotesen kunnat förkastas vilket gör att uppsatsen ej kan bekräfta sambandet.Nämnvärt är att resultatet endast kunnat urskiljas när en Fixed Effects modell använts, där eventuella bakomliggande och landspecifika egenskaper har kontrollerats. Resultatet är i linje med en stor del av den tidigare forskningen som också sett liknande tendenser i sambandet mellan variablerna.

The purpose of this study is to explain the variation in approaches to gender equality and innovation in Canada and Sweden through the study of policy, performance measurement, and resource allocation. This is the first study of its kind in comparative public policy to explore differences in gender equality and innovation policy in Canada and Sweden. This research also contributes more widely to the existing body of gender and public policy and innovation literature in Canada and Sweden respectively. This qualitative case study includes 44 interviews with innovation leaders in the public sector, private sector, and academia as well as policy experts at the OECD. This dissertation challenges assumptions about the social and economic power dynamics reflected in current innovation systems in both countries, through the theoretical lens of feminist institutionalism. The findings highlight similarities in the challenges faced in both countries to create gender equality in innovation spaces, despite differences in economic assets and welfare state models. The findings also explain the multiplicative effects of gender inequality at the intersection of institutions: university, government, and private sector. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Wildfires are a part of the growing concern regarding climate issues in our society, and since the 1990s, the intensity of wildfires has grown. As wildfires affect our societies, countries have adapted crisis management strategies to tackle the issue of wildfires with help from international organisations. Research has been done on the topic of framing crisis management and the framing of wildfires. Nevertheless, these two fields have never been studied together. This study aims to examine how international organisations frame wildfire crisis management in the case of Portugal. Official assessment documents from the EU and the OECD have been analysed using a framing method. The findings of the study are that the most persistent framing of Portugal's wildfire crisis management is policy failure; however, depending on what areas one is analysing, fragments of actor failure can also be detected.

Yes / The role of inward FDI on economic growth has attracted the attention of researchers for many years as its beneficial impact has been recognised theoretically by scholars and policymakers; however, the empirical evidence remains ambiguous. Hence, the objective of this chapter is to investigate the causal relationship between FDI inflows/outflows and economic growth in developed OECD countries. Investigation of the causal link between FDI inflows and growth has important implications such that if there is a unidirectional causality it would support the FDI-led growth hypothesis. Alternatively, if the causal link runs in the opposite direction, it would imply that economic growth may be a prerequisite for countries to attract FDI. Finally, if the causal process is bi-directional, FDI inflows and growth would have a reinforcing causal relationship. In particular, this chapter contributes to the existing literature by focusing on developed countries as inward/outward FDI has become an increasingly significant factor in influencing the economic activity. In contrast, most previous time-series causality studies focus on developing countries with only a few covering developed countries. However, almost all of the world’s FDI originates from developed countries and the majority of FDI is also located in developed countries. Another feature is that this chapter also tests the causal link between outward FDI and economic growth. Outward FDI might promote the home country’s economic growth as it might yield higher profits, transfer technology and management skills to the home country, expand production abroad, secure raw materials overseas and avoid trade barriers and so on. Following an Introduction, the chapter then reviews FDI trend across OECD countries. Next it discusses the alternative theories and literature exploring the relationship between FDI and economic growth (i.e. the impact of inward FDI on host country’s economic growth, the impact of outward FDI on home country’s economic growth, together with the impact of economic growth on inward/outward FDI). We then describe empirical causality testing methodology, together discussing the empirical results.

During the last decade, international immigration has experienced significant changes along with adjustments in migration policies. Based on previous research, this paper aims to replicate a statistical investigation of immigration’s effect on economic growth, by also incorporating labor participation and labor force with advanced education into the model. Furthermore, the study explores if different levels of migration policies lead to various impacts on economic growth. The analysis uses data from 20 OECD countries from 2000 to 2020 through a division into five subperiods. To conduct the examination, an OLS regression analysis and logarithmic regression are applied. Furthermore, the regression results indicate that immigration has no statistically significant effect on economic growth. The study also concludes that there is no evidence implying that more developed migration policies contribute more to economic growth than those of low levels. Various research findings conclude different outcomes of immigration's effect on economic growth. Yet, it seems that this question goes beyond the scope of the current study, necessitating additional research to explore the correlation between these two variables and whether there exists a causal relation.

In the thesis is presented export financing of turn-key deliveries with state support in the Czech Republic. Emphasis is placed on two important characteristics of financing products - export buyer's credit and project financing. The above mentioned products are considered as financing instruments provided by the state institution established to support export transactions of domestic exporters. The practical demonstration of the theoretical part of the thesis is a case study, which focuses on financing the implementation of the transhipment port terminal grain in Ukraine.