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Jämställdhetsintegrering är i Sverige den huvudsakliga strategin för att nå de jämställdhetspolitiska målen. Strategin går ut på att ett jämställdhetsperspektiv ska finnas inom alla områden, nivåer och processer i beslutsfattande och utförande av politik. Strategin har används sedan 90-talet men några tydliga effekter har inte kunnat påvisas och samhället är fortfarande inte jämställt. Inom forskningen har jämställdhetsintegreringens transformativa potential ifrågasatts. Man menar att strategin när den sätts i praktiken anpassas till etablerad politik och processer snarare än att förändra dem. Det är jämställdhetsintegreringens transformativa potential som undersöks i denna uppsats genom en fallstudie av för teorin kritiska fall. Strategier, styrdokument och utvärderingar studeras i tre svenska kommuner. Slutsatsen är att jämställdhetsintegreringen i dessa gynnsamma fall inte är genomgående transformativ utan att det sker en viss teknokratisering och avpolitisering av jämställdhetsarbetet. Därmed ger den stöd till forskningen som menar att jämställdhetsintegrering inte uppfyller sin transformativa potential när den sätts i praktiken.

The Egyptian civil society operates under a number of formal restrictions and the government’s repressive policy has held back the emergence of autonomous organisations and made them lose their power and impact. Nevertheless, civil society organisations in Egypt have grown in number, scope of activities and impact. In addition, the press has got relatively greater freedom of expression. Taking this evolution in account, this essay examines the contemporary Egyptian civil society in practice through two Egyptian newspapers; Al-Ahram and Al-Wafd. / Det Egyptiska civil samhället verkar under en mängd formella restriktioner och regeringens hämmande politik har förhindrat utvecklingen av autonoma organisationer, vilket har bidragit till att de har förlorat makt och påverkan. Trots detta har de civila samhälls organisationerna i Egypten ökat i antal, omfattning och påverkan och pressen har fått relativt ökad yttrandefrihet. Med hänsyn till detta undersöker föreliggande uppsats det samtida Egyptiska civil samhället i praktiken genom två Egyptiska tidningar; Al-Ahram och Al-Wafd

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There is a wide spread discrimination between the genders at the Swedish labour market. Women get lower wages, their skills are undervalued compared to men, it is harder for women to advance, they are more likely to involuntary do part time jobs and they usually end up in the least qualified and stimulating jobs. The governmental policy seems affectless and companies are unable or unwilling to change. Historical, sociological and rational choice institutionalism can offer an explanation to the problem. The segregation has historical roots that go back to the early days of industrialisation when women entered the labour market with working conditions that were worse than men‟s. Because of the conservatory character of institutions, the perceptions of the genders have been reproduced until today. The conclusion is that what the government does is less important than the fact that it does anything since the institutions are working to conserve the current order.

Abstract This essay discusses the negotiation of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) and the process that led up to a signed agreement. The CTBT forbids all nuclear weapon test explosions and all other types of nuclear explosions. The purpose of the study was to distinguish the critical steps of the negotiations that resulted in the success of the CTBT. Based on these insights, my intention was to identify relevant events and actors in the process around the Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty (FMCT), which has been on the nuclear disarmament agenda for over a decade. Furthermore, my ambition was that the examination of the CTBT negotiation would give me some clarity in what the next step would be to get the FMCT back on track. By using the method of process tracing I intended to achieve the purpose of the essay. I found that the examination of the CTBT process was very helpful in understanding the complexity of multilateral negotiations and that it is not always possible to reach an agreement through completely fair deals. I think that the negotiation of an FMCT will be equally difficult provided the Conference on Disarmament does not decide to transform its structure and procedures.

This thesis examines hindrances for women’s representation in Georgian politics at national level. The purpose is to understand what causal mechanisms that impact female representation in the National Parliament of Georgia. More precisely, the main purpose is to examine the hindrances for women to participate in politics in order to facilitate a deeper understanding of the known phenomenon of under-representation of women in politics. The thesis seeks to understand the contemporary situation in Georgia. The thesis is carried out with the case-study design and material consists mainly of interviews with female members of Parliament, representatives from political parties, and gender-issue experts from NGOs. The analysis of this thesis is also based on the results of previous research. The questions asked in the study are: What are hindering factors for women’s political participation in contemporary Georgia? and What are women’s organisations’, political parties’ and policy entrepreneurs’ role in increasing women’s political participation in Georgia? The overarching theoretical framework used in the thesis consists of structures, institutions and actors as well as feminist theory. The thesis argues that major obstacles for women to participate in politics are public opinion, the electoral system and the nomination process in political parties in Georgia. Further, influential individuals, so called policy entrepreneurs are seen as having an important role for the increase of women’s political participation and gender-equality issues in general. The most likely action to be seen is continued training and education for society as a whole, mainly targeting women. Affirmative actions such as party quotas seem far away.

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