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O presente estudo tem como tema a análise da trajetória de inovação para spin-offs acadêmicas, enfocando o estudo de caso da SOLINOVA, empresa que busca inovar na área de energia com soluções aplicadas ao agronegócio. O problema de pesquisa pode ser sintetizado na questão: Como uma spin-off acadêmica inova e financia seu processo de nascimento, sobrevivência e crescimento a partir de capital de inovação? Em síntese, pretende-se buscar um aprofundamento sobre o sistema de inovação existente no país, além de verificar as oportunidades de financiamento à inovação disponível para empresas desta natureza no Brasil. Basicamente, foram dois os procedimentos metodológicos adotados: em um primeiro momento, foi realizada a pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática abordada e, em momento posterior, o estudo de caso por meio de observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas da empresa SOLINOVA Inovação Tecnológica e Empresarial, que nasceu de um spin-off do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética e Simulação de Processos (LEESP) na Incubadora de Empresas Inovadoras do Agronegócio de Pirassununga (UNICETec) da Universidade de São Paulo, localizado na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Campus de Pirassununga - SP. O contato direto foi realizado com os envolvidos na área de gestão e análise de documentos, visando traçar a trajetória de inovação com base nos históricos da empresa e assim atingir os objetivos propostos com o suporte teórico adquirido. O estudo relatou, ao final, as trajetórias de inovação da SOLINOVA e recursos alavancados por estratégia para acionar capital de inovação públicos e privados, que foram decisivos para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento das tecnologias internalizadas pela empresa no país. / The present study has as its theme the analysis of the innovation trajectory for academic spin-offs, focusing on the case study of SOLINOVA, a company that seeks to innovate in the area of energy with solutions applied to agribusiness. The research problem can be summed up in the question: How does an academic spin-off innovate and thereby finance its birth, growth and survival process from capital to innovation? In summary, it intends to seek a deepening of the existing system of innovation in the country, as well as to verify the opportunities for financing innovation available to companies of this nature in Brazil. Basically, two methodological procedures were adopted: firstly, a bibliographical research on the subject was carried out and, at a later time, the case study by means of direct observation and semi-structured interviews of the company SOLINOVA Technological and Business Innovation, which was born from a spin-off of the Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Process Simulation (LEESP) at the Agribusiness Innovation Incubator of Pirassununga (UNICETec) of the University of São Paulo, located at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Pirassununga Campus - SP. The direct contact was made with those involved in the area of document management and analysis, aiming at tracing the innovation trajectory based on company history and thus achieving the proposed objectives with the theoretical support acquired. In the end, the study reported the SOLINOVA innovation trajectories and resources leveraged by strategy to drive public and private innovation capital, which were decisive for the survival of the development of technologies internalized by the company in the country.

O presente estudo tem como tema a análise da trajetória de inovação para spin-offs acadêmicas, enfocando o estudo de caso da SOLINOVA, empresa que busca inovar na área de energia com soluções aplicadas ao agronegócio. O problema de pesquisa pode ser sintetizado na questão: Como uma spin-off acadêmica inova e financia seu processo de nascimento, sobrevivência e crescimento a partir de capital de inovação? Em síntese, pretende-se buscar um aprofundamento sobre o sistema de inovação existente no país, além de verificar as oportunidades de financiamento à inovação disponível para empresas desta natureza no Brasil. Basicamente, foram dois os procedimentos metodológicos adotados: em um primeiro momento, foi realizada a pesquisa bibliográfica sobre a temática abordada e, em momento posterior, o estudo de caso por meio de observação direta e entrevistas semiestruturadas da empresa SOLINOVA Inovação Tecnológica e Empresarial, que nasceu de um spin-off do Laboratório de Eficiência Energética e Simulação de Processos (LEESP) na Incubadora de Empresas Inovadoras do Agronegócio de Pirassununga (UNICETec) da Universidade de São Paulo, localizado na Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Campus de Pirassununga - SP. O contato direto foi realizado com os envolvidos na área de gestão e análise de documentos, visando traçar a trajetória de inovação com base nos históricos da empresa e assim atingir os objetivos propostos com o suporte teórico adquirido. O estudo relatou, ao final, as trajetórias de inovação da SOLINOVA e recursos alavancados por estratégia para acionar capital de inovação públicos e privados, que foram decisivos para a sobrevivência e desenvolvimento das tecnologias internalizadas pela empresa no país. / The present study has as its theme the analysis of the innovation trajectory for academic spin-offs, focusing on the case study of SOLINOVA, a company that seeks to innovate in the area of energy with solutions applied to agribusiness. The research problem can be summed up in the question: How does an academic spin-off innovate and thereby finance its birth, growth and survival process from capital to innovation? In summary, it intends to seek a deepening of the existing system of innovation in the country, as well as to verify the opportunities for financing innovation available to companies of this nature in Brazil. Basically, two methodological procedures were adopted: firstly, a bibliographical research on the subject was carried out and, at a later time, the case study by means of direct observation and semi-structured interviews of the company SOLINOVA Technological and Business Innovation, which was born from a spin-off of the Laboratory of Energy Efficiency and Process Simulation (LEESP) at the Agribusiness Innovation Incubator of Pirassununga (UNICETec) of the University of São Paulo, located at the Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, Pirassununga Campus - SP. The direct contact was made with those involved in the area of document management and analysis, aiming at tracing the innovation trajectory based on company history and thus achieving the proposed objectives with the theoretical support acquired. In the end, the study reported the SOLINOVA innovation trajectories and resources leveraged by strategy to drive public and private innovation capital, which were decisive for the survival of the development of technologies internalized by the company in the country.

For many species, distribution and abundance is driven by a trade-off between abiotic and biotic stress tolerance (i.e. physical stress versus competition or predation stress). This trade- off may be caused by metabolic rate differences in species such that slow metabolic rates increase abiotic tolerance but decrease biotic tolerance. I investigated how metabolic rate differences were responsible for an abiotic-biotic tolerance trade-off in brown mudfish (Neochanna apoda) and banded kokopu (Galaxias fasciatus), that drives the allopatric distribution of these fish in podocarp swamp-forest pools. Brown mudfish and banded kokopu distribution across 65 forest pools in Saltwater forest, Westland National Park, New Zealand was almost completely allopatric. Mudfish were restricted to pools with extreme abiotic stress including hypoxia, acidity and droughts because of kokopu predation in benign pools. This meant the mudfish realised niche was only a small fraction of their large fundamental niche, which was the largest out of sixteen freshwater fish species surveyed in South Island West Coast habitats. Thus mudfish had a large fundamental to realised niche ratio because of strong physiological stress tolerance but poor biotic stress tolerance compared to other fish. A low metabolic capacity in mudfish compared to kokopu in terms of resting and maximum metabolic rates and aerobic scope explained the strong mudfish tolerance to extreme abiotic stress, but also their sensitivity to biotic stress by more powerful kokopu in benign pools, and hence their allopatric distribution with kokopu. Despite being restricted to extreme physical stress, mudfish populations were, in fact, more dense than those of kokopu, because of low individual mudfish resting metabolic rates, which would cause resources to be divided over more individuals. Distribution and abundance in mudfish and kokopu were therefore driven by an abiotic-biotic tolerance trade-off caused by a physiological trade-off between having slow or fast metabolic rates, respectively. The negative relationship between species resting metabolic rates and their tolerance to abiotic stress provides a way of estimating the impact of human induced environmental change that can either increase or decrease habitat harshness. Thus species with low metabolic rates, like mudfish, will be negatively affected by human induced environmental change that removes abiotic habitat stress and replaces it with benign conditions. My evidence shows that extreme stressors provide a protective habitat supporting high mudfish biomass with significant conservation value that should be maintained for the long-term persistence of mudfish populations.

Species have specific tolerances to a variety of environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity. Changes in either of these variables can therefore be expected to affect predator-prey interactions in shallow water ecosystems. Temperature drives the metabolic rates of poikilotherms, including fish. Hypoxic conditions generally affect larger fishes to a greater degree than smaller fishes, though the presence of physostomous swim bladders in certain species can alter that relationship. Finally there are species of fish that rely on vision for food acquisition while other species rely on other senses such as chemical cues. Changes in turbidity levels could therefore affect foraging efficiency of visual foragers. This thesis examines the role that each of these environmental variables (temperature, DO and turbidity) can have on community composition and therefore predator prey interactions, with a specific focus on the role of temperature in structuring predator-prey interactions. Laboratory, field and theoretical studies suggest that as temperature increases, encounter rates between predators and prey will increase. Prey are more active, spend more time foraging, and increase their use of risky habitats in warmer environments in laboratory experiments. In the field, prey and predator activity and/or abundance is positively related to temperature. These laboratory and field studies suggest that temperature increases should result in increased predation rtes of prey. Finally, the results of a dynamic state dependent optimization model also suggest that periods of warming will result in a lowering of the probability of survival of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, a prey species, over the-ice free season. A reduction in DO levels in aquatic ecosystems results in a reduction in the number of and/or activity of predators present. This should result in a reduction in predation risk to prey. However, when endothermic predators are factored in to this equation, this reduction in risk may not occur. The presence of avian predators of small forage fish are directly related to the level of DO in the water, regardless of the abundance of prey fish present. This relationship is likely a result of behavioural decisions of prey that occurs in hypoxic conditions. In periods of low DO, prey fishes may exploit areas of higher DO that are closer to the surface of the waters. While their piscine predators may not be able to tolerate the low DO levels regardless of the position of prey in the water column, avian predators appear to be able to cue in to this increase in availability of potential prey, reducing any benefits that might occur by occupying surface areas where DO levels might be slightly higher than lower in the water column. As compared to temperature and DO, turbidity does not appear to affect the potential risk of predation to forage fish. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) of foragers who rely on vision and those that rely on chemical cues to forages, were not related to turbidity levels. Turbidity levels were also not related to the abundance of avian predators. This suggests that in this generally turbid, shallow water ecosystem, changes in turbidity do not affect the overall species composition of the system. Predator-prey interactions in the system are also not likely to be affected by turbidity. In contrast to this, temperature and DO are likely to influence the interactions between predators and their prey in a shallow water ecosystem. Both increases in temperature and decreases in DO may result in increases in predation pressure on prey. While temperature increases will likely result in increased predation on prey by piscine predators, a reduction in DO, which often occurs as temperature increases, will likely result in increased predation on prey by avian predators, even as predation pressure by piscine predators decrease.

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the application of the ecosystem services concept can provide decision makers and stakeholders with additional relevant information for decisions regarding establishing of aquaculture on a local level, using the Lake Storsjön as a case study. In order to provide this knowledge, three different tasks are carried out within this thesis: the identification of the main ecosystem services provided by Lake Storsjön, the understanding of ecosystem services that will be affected by the expansion of aquaculture and the identification of the services that will be used for a possible expansion of the aquaculture sector. The CICES methodology (Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services) is used to identify the ecosystem services provided by Lake Storsjön. The understanding of the affected ecosystem services is carried out with the use of a Delphi-inspired approach. The identification of the services required for the establishment of aquaculture is driven by a cross-reference matrix. Lake Storsjön provides thirty-nine out of the fifty-nine ecosystem services included in the CICES. About half of these will be effected by environmental impacts connected to operations of ecosystem management required by aquaculture expansion, mostly with a low or medium degree of impact. An increase in the implementation of aquaculture might cause detrimental trade-offs with these ecosystem services: “Wild animals”, “Genetic materials from all biota“, “Disease control”, “Maintaining nursery populations and habitats” and “Filtration/dilution/sequestration/storage/accumulation by ecosystem”. An expansion of the aquaculture sector requires seven of the ecosystem services provided by Lake Storsjön. The vital services for this process are: “Surface water for non-drinking purposes”, “Filtration/dilution/sequestration/storage/accumulation by ecosystem” and “Chemical condition of freshwater”. These services have to be safeguarded and maintained in order to guarantee adequate conditions for an expansion of this sector. At the same time the expansion of aquaculture supports the service “Animals from in situ aquaculture”. The benefits connected to the implementation of aquaculture shall be economically assessed and compared to the actual economic value delivered by the other ecosystem services in order to further understand the positives and negatives outcomes of aquaculture expansion in an ecosystem services perspective. This is considered to be a relevant step for strategic and decision making processes concerning aquaculture expansion in Lake Storsjön. In addition to the economic perspective, it seems that the most relevant factor when discussing planning and development processes towards ecosystem services is the importance of not overshooting the resilience ability of the ecosystem in order to ensure the accessibility of the services to future generations. This belief is recommended to be applied to Lake Storsjön in order to guarantee a conscious expansion of the aquaculture sector on a social, economic and environmental level.

Species have specific tolerances to a variety of environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) and turbidity. Changes in either of these variables can therefore be expected to affect predator-prey interactions in shallow water ecosystems. Temperature drives the metabolic rates of poikilotherms, including fish. Hypoxic conditions generally affect larger fishes to a greater degree than smaller fishes, though the presence of physostomous swim bladders in certain species can alter that relationship. Finally there are species of fish that rely on vision for food acquisition while other species rely on other senses such as chemical cues. Changes in turbidity levels could therefore affect foraging efficiency of visual foragers. This thesis examines the role that each of these environmental variables (temperature, DO and turbidity) can have on community composition and therefore predator prey interactions, with a specific focus on the role of temperature in structuring predator-prey interactions. Laboratory, field and theoretical studies suggest that as temperature increases, encounter rates between predators and prey will increase. Prey are more active, spend more time foraging, and increase their use of risky habitats in warmer environments in laboratory experiments. In the field, prey and predator activity and/or abundance is positively related to temperature. These laboratory and field studies suggest that temperature increases should result in increased predation rtes of prey. Finally, the results of a dynamic state dependent optimization model also suggest that periods of warming will result in a lowering of the probability of survival of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, a prey species, over the-ice free season. A reduction in DO levels in aquatic ecosystems results in a reduction in the number of and/or activity of predators present. This should result in a reduction in predation risk to prey. However, when endothermic predators are factored in to this equation, this reduction in risk may not occur. The presence of avian predators of small forage fish are directly related to the level of DO in the water, regardless of the abundance of prey fish present. This relationship is likely a result of behavioural decisions of prey that occurs in hypoxic conditions. In periods of low DO, prey fishes may exploit areas of higher DO that are closer to the surface of the waters. While their piscine predators may not be able to tolerate the low DO levels regardless of the position of prey in the water column, avian predators appear to be able to cue in to this increase in availability of potential prey, reducing any benefits that might occur by occupying surface areas where DO levels might be slightly higher than lower in the water column. As compared to temperature and DO, turbidity does not appear to affect the potential risk of predation to forage fish. The catch per unit effort (CPUE) of foragers who rely on vision and those that rely on chemical cues to forages, were not related to turbidity levels. Turbidity levels were also not related to the abundance of avian predators. This suggests that in this generally turbid, shallow water ecosystem, changes in turbidity do not affect the overall species composition of the system. Predator-prey interactions in the system are also not likely to be affected by turbidity. In contrast to this, temperature and DO are likely to influence the interactions between predators and their prey in a shallow water ecosystem. Both increases in temperature and decreases in DO may result in increases in predation pressure on prey. While temperature increases will likely result in increased predation on prey by piscine predators, a reduction in DO, which often occurs as temperature increases, will likely result in increased predation on prey by avian predators, even as predation pressure by piscine predators decrease.

Most eukaryotes harbor a diverse community of parasitic, mutualistic, and commensal microbial symbionts. Although the diversity of these microbial symbiotic communities has recently drawn considerable attention, theory regarding the evolution of interactions among symbionts and with the host is still in its nascent stages. Here we evaluate the role of interactions among coinfecting symbionts in the evolution of symbiont virulence toward the host. To do so, we place the virulence-transmission trade-off into a community context and model the evolution of symbiont trophic modes along the continuum from parasitism (virulence) to mutualism (negative virulence). We establish a framework for studying multiple infections of a host by the same symbiont species and coinfection by multiple species, using a concept of shared costs, wherein the negative consequences of virulence (or harm) toward the host are shared among symbionts. Our results show that mutualism can be maintained under infection by multiple symbionts when shared costs are sufficiently low, while greater virulence and parasitism toward the host are more likely when shared costs are high. Last, for coinfection by more than one species, we show that if the presence of a mutualist ameliorates some of the costs of pathogen virulence, then the symbiotic community may more often evolve to a more commensal state and maintain mutualisms.

No description available.