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The evolution of variable offspring provisioningDziminski, Martin A. January 2005 (has links)
Most theoretical models predict an optimal offspring size that maximises parental fitness. Variation in the quality of the offspring environment can result in multiple offspring size optima and therefore variation of offspring provisioning can evolve. Variation in offspring provisioning is common and found across a variety of taxa. It can be defined as between populations, explained by optimality models, or between and within individuals, neither so easily explained by optimality models. My research focused on the evolution of variable offspring provisioning by testing theoretical models relating to variation in offspring provisioning between and within individuals. Using comparative methods, I found a positive relationship between intraclutch variation in offspring provisioning and variation in the quality of the offspring environment in a suite of pond breeding frogs. This positive relationship provided evidence that patterns of variable offspring provisioning are related to the offspring environment. This study also identified a species (Crinia georgiana) with high variation in offspring provisioning on which to focus further investigations. High variation in offspring provisioning occured between and within individuals of this species independent of female phenotype and a trade-off in offspring size and number existed. In laboratory studies, increased yolk per offspring led to increased fitness per offspring. Parental fitness calculations revealed that in high quality conditions production of small more numerous offspring resulted in higher parental fitness, but in lower quality conditions the production of large offspring resulted in the highest parental fitness. This was confirmed in field experiments under natural conditions using molecular markers to trace offspring to clutches of known provisioning, allowing me to measure exact parental fitness. The strategy of high variation in offspring size within clutches can be of benefit when the future of the offspring environment is not known to the parents: as a form of bet-hedging. Further study of the offspring environment revealed that conditions such as density dependent fitness loss, spatial variation in habitat quality, and non-random offspring dispersal, can combine to create the conditions predicted by theoretical models to maintain a strategy of variable offspring provisioning in the population. My research provides a comprehensive empirical test of the theory of variable offspring provisioning
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Functional genomics of a model ecological species, Daphnia pulexMalcom, Jacob Wesley 25 February 2014 (has links)
Determining the molecular basis of heritable variation in complex, quantitative ecologically important traits will provide insight into the proximate mechanisms driving phenotypic and ecological variation, and the molecular evolutionary history of these traits. Furthermore, if the study organism is a “keystone species” whose presence or absence shapes ecological communities, then we extend our understanding of the effects of molecular variation to the level of communities. I examined the molecular basis of variation in 32 ecologically important traits in the freshwater pond keystone species Daphnia pulex, and identified thousands of candidate genes for which variation may affect not just Daphnia phenotypes, but the structure of communities. I extended the basic results to address two questions: what genes are associated with the offspring size-number trade-off in Daphnia; and can we identify candidate “keystone gene networks” for which variation may have a particularly strong influence on eco-evolutionary dynamics of limnetic communities? I found that different genes, with different biological functions, are associated with the trade-off in subsequent broods, and propose a model linking evolutionary frameworks to molecular biological functions. Next I found that quantitative genetic variation in keystone traits appears to co-vary with the selection regimes to which Daphnia is subject, and identified two candidate gene networks that may underpin this genetic variation. Not only do these results provide a host of molecular hypotheses to be tested as Daphnia matures as a model genomic organism, but they also suggest models that link molecular research with broader themes in ecology, evolution, and behavior. / text
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Consequences of egg size on hatchling energetics in the diamondback terrapin, <i>Malaclemys terrapin</i>: a geographic comparisonAllman, Phillip E. 26 September 2006 (has links)
No description available.
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Seasonal variation in the life histories of a viviparous ectoparasite, the deer kedHärkönen, L. (Laura) 15 August 2012 (has links)
Abstract
The life histories of ectoparasites are shaped by both host and off-host environment. A suitable host is primarily needed during reproduction, whereas juvenile stages outside the host are directly exposed to environmental variability. Viviparity, i.e. the development of an embryo inside the body of the mother resulting in large offspring size, increases offspring survival. The production of large offspring has its consequences in terms of high variation in offspring age and in the environment that each young individual will face. I used a viviparous ectoparasite, the deer ked (Lipoptena cervi), to investigate the consequences of long reproductive lifespan and varying offspring environment on offspring life-histories and seasonal adaptations.
Offspring life-histories varied seasonally. I showed that the resources provided by the deer ked females determine offspring performance throughout its off-host period. Offspring size increased towards the spring and the end of the reproductive period, and simultaneously offspring survival and cold tolerance increased. Seasonal variation in offspring size did not reflect the resources that would guarantee offspring survival during the longest diapause or the highest cold tolerance during the harshest winter period. Diapause intensity varies with birth time according to the expected length of the winter ahead. However, the deer ked pupae, regardless of their age, overwinter at an opportunistic diapause, which may be terminated rapidly only by an exposure to high temperature. Contrary to general observations, photoperiod has no role in regulating the seasonal shifts of the deer ked. Neither is high cold tolerance associated only with diapause, but it remains high through four seasons, also in the active developmental and adult stages. I also evaluated the effects of life-history variation on the invasion potential of the deer ked. I conducted a large-scale transplant experiment to test the survival and pupal development at and beyond the current range. I found that the lower spring and summer temperatures and the shorter growth season in the north cause a deterioration in pupal performance and shorten the flight period. However, the colder climate may not totally prevent further spread. A more important factor that will affect deer ked invasion is host availability, and especially in Finland, the density of the moose population.
Seasonal variation in offspring life histories in viviparous ectoparasites differs from the variation patterns reported in most invertebrates. This may be due to the extremely large offspring size and to the fact that maternally derived resources determine offspring performance through the entire off-host period. Variation in offspring performance is thus determined by maternal resources and seasonal variation in the condition of the moose. / Tiivistelmä
Useimpien ulkoloisten elinkierto on riippuvainen isännästä ja isännän ulkopuolella kasvavien jälkeläisten kohtaamista ympäristöoloista. Viviparia eli jälkeläisen kehitys naaraan sisällä ja siitä usein seuraava suuri jälkeläiskoko parantavat jälkeläisten selviytymistä. Suurten jälkeläisten tuottaminen pitkällä aikavälillä johtaa siihen, että eri-ikäiset jälkeläiset kohtaavat vuodenajasta riippuen hyvin erilaiset olosuhteet. Väitöstyössäni tarkastelin Suomessa nopeasti yleistyneen hirvieläinten ulkoloisen, hirvikärpäsen (Lipoptena cervi), avulla, mitä seurauksia viviparialla, pitkällä lisääntymiskaudella ja ympäristön vuodenaikaisvaihtelulla on jälkeläisten elinkierto-ominaisuuksiin.
Väitöskirjatyössäni havaitsin, että hirvikärpäsjälkeläisten elinkiertopiirteet vaihtelevat jälkeläisen syntymäajan mukaan. Osoitin myös, että hirvikärpäsnaaraan jälkeläisilleen tarjoamat ravintovarat määrittelevät jälkeläisten isännästä riippumattoman elinkierron aikaisen menestyksen. Jälkeläisten keskimääräinen koko kasvoi lisääntymiskauden edetessä talvesta kohti kevättä, jolloin myös selviytyminen ja kylmänsietokyky paranivat. Jälkeläiskoon vuodenaikaisvaihtelu ei näin ollen vastaa jälkeläisten tarvitsemia resursseja suhteessa talvehtimisen pituuteen eikä korreloi koville talvipakkasille altistumisen todennäköisyyden kanssa. Lepotilan keston määrittelevä diapaussin syvyys vaihteli syntymävuodenaikaa vastaavasti. Diapaussin havaitsin kuitenkin olevan ensisijaisesti opportunistinen, jolloin pelkästään korkea lämpötila voi nopeasti päättää lepotilan kaikenikäisillä yksilöillä. Vastoin yleisiä käsityksiä valorytmi ei vaikuta diapaussin säätelyyn. Vastoin ennakko-odotuksia kylmänsietokyky säilyy korkeana vuoden ympäri ja kaikissa tutkituissa elinkierron vaiheissa. Sovelsin tutkimieni elinkiertopiirteiden vaikutusta myös lajin invaasiokykyyn, ja tutkin istutuskokeen avulla koteloiden selviytymistä ja kehitystä nykyisellä esiintymisalueella ja sen pohjoispuolella. Alhaisemmat kevät- ja kesälämpötilat sekä lyhyempi kasvukausi vähentävät aikuiseksi selviytymistä ja lyhentävät lentoaikaa syksyllä. Ilmastotekijöiden suhteen hirvikärpänen voisi esiintyä nykyistä pohjoisempana. Tärkein tekijä hirvikärpäsen leviämistä tarkasteltaessa on kuitenkin sopivien isäntäeläimien saatavuus ja Suomen oloissa erityisesti hirven eli hirvikärpäsen pääisännän kannan tiheys.
Tutkimukseni perusteella ulkoloisten vivipariasta seuraava jälkeläisten elinkiertopiirteiden ajallinen vaihtelu eroaa muiden selkärangattomien vastaavasta vaihtelusta. Yhtenä syynä eroihin lienee se, että hirvikärpäsnaaras tuottaa erityisen suuria jälkeläisiä ja että jälkeläiset puolestaan ovat täysin riippuvaisia emon antamista resursseista. Emon lisääntymisresurssit ja hirven kunnon vuodenaikaisvaihtelu vaikuttavat mahdollisesti siihen, minkälaisia jälkeläisiä hirvikärpänen milloinkin kykenee tuottamaan.
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