The diploma thesis deals with the problem of media oligarchization and its influence on the ethics of journalism. Based on the synthesis of existing theoretical concepts, a narrower definition of the terms oligarch and media oligarch is presented in the text. On this theoretical basis, the situation in 31 selected European countries from the point of view of media oligarchization is evaluated by comparing the methodologies of three media indicators - Freedom House's Freedom and the Media, Reporters Without Borders's Press Freedom Index and Centre for Media Pluralism and Media Freedom's Media Pluralism Monitor. This is considered primarily a problem of post-communist and post-colonial countries, and the diploma thesis tests this assumption. The problem of ethics of journalistic work within the scope of media oligarchization is presented on a theoretical as well as practical level, based on a chronological comparison of ethical codes of three selected media groups - MAFRA, Vltava Labe Media and Czech News Center, which changed ownership from a multinational group to an oligarch or an oligarchic group.

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本論文採取改革-反改革循環研究途徑與克里姆林政治研究途徑，闡釋俄羅斯總統普欽重新定位民營化政策的驅動因素。 2000年，普欽當選總統後，以迅雷不及掩耳的霹靂手段，徹底解構金融工業集團，並將業已民營化的大型企業，特別是能源企業，收歸國有；同時，以漸進的方式，逐步推動以中小企業為主的民營化。 本論文認為，普欽重新定位俄羅斯民營化走向的主要目的在於，解構葉里欽勢力集團、拓展國際戰略空間、以及創造經濟改革條件；而這三項努力的終極目標，則在於掃除異己、改善經濟、攏絡民心、提升大國地位、從而鞏固個人政治權位。 / Applying reforms/counter-reforms cycle approach and kremlinological politics approach, the purpose of this study is aimed at exploring driving forces behind Russian president Putin’s efforts to reorient Russia’s privatization policy line. Immediately after his inauguration in 2000, Russian president, Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin, took quick and decisive steps to thoroughly undermine the financial industrial groups and renationalize those privatized big enterprises, especially, energy enterprises. At the same time, step by step, he pushed forward a new privatization policy line, concentrate on small and medium-sized enterprises. This author argues in this study that main driving forces behind Putin’s efforts to reorient Russia’s privatization policy line are identified as attempts to undermine the pro-Yel’tsin group, to develop international strategic maneuvering room, and, to create favorable conditions for economic reforms. This author contends that the ultimate aim of these efforts is to wipe out political rivals, to improve economic life in order to win support from the populace, to promote Russia’s status as a great power, and, eventually, to consolidate Putin’s personal power. Key wods: Putin, Yel’tsin, Russia’s privatization, financial oligarchs, FIG.

葉立欽時期十多年的自由民主改革實踐，使俄羅斯陷入了嚴重的困境。在殘酷的現實面前，俄羅斯人民希冀政治權威的產生。 藉由觀察尤科斯集團的崛起以及日後的「尤科斯事件」，我們發現俄羅斯社會轉型時期金融寡頭集團勢力的形成有其深刻的社會因素。隨著金融寡頭們自身實力的不斷增強，其對社會的阻礙作用日益顯露。普京上台後欲推行權威政治改革，不斷的加強總統集權，然而他所面臨的挑戰之一即是俄羅斯金融寡頭問題。為此，普京企圖以打擊經濟犯罪為名，打擊金融寡頭，藉以收攬人心，從而裂解葉立欽時期所遺留下來的「家族」集團勢力，建立以國家安全團隊為主幹的執政團隊，以鞏固其政權基礎。 普京執政以來，放棄空洞的「民主」口號，在社會政治領域建立以總統集權為核心的「可控式民主」，為社會發展和經濟提升提供了有力的保障。觀察俄羅斯近來所舉行的議會選舉和總統大選顯示出俄羅斯的政治力量對比、社會情緒和社會意識型態已發生變化。總統普京的聲望亦達到頂點。俄羅斯政治將進入以可控式民主為特點的新時期。 關鍵詞：金融寡頭、尤科斯事件、葉立欽、普京、可控式民主 / More than ten years of free demorcratic reforms of the Yeltsin’s era made the Russia society get into serious trouble. In face of the ruthless reality, Russian people call for the return of political authority. Through observing the establishment of “Yukos Group” and the development of “Yukos Incident”, we know that at the beginning of Russia transition, the financial oligarch groups came into being for deeply social reasons. With amplifying in energy, the financial oligarch groups have hampered the social development more and more seriously. After coming into power, Putin wants to promote the authoritarian political reforms and enhance president’s absolute power continuously. However, one of the challenges he faced to is the problem of Russian financial oligarch groups. Because of this, Russian president Putin was attempted to wipe out some of these oligarchs in the name of combat against economic crimes, in order to rally the popular support, to wipe out the “Family” force left by Yeltsin’s regime and replace them with a new ruling command of national security elite, and to consolidate his own power. Since Putin took power from Yeltsin, he has dropped empty “ Democratic” slogans and instituted “ Controllable Democracy” in the socio- political field with presidential power as the core, providing powerful guarantee for socio- political development and economic rejuvenation. Through observing the recent parliamentary and presidential elections held in Russia, it shows that Putin’s power and influence have reached the climax with the change in the balance of political forces, social mood and social ideology in Russia. With this, Russia has entered into a new period featuring “ Controllable Democracy”. Keywords: Financial Oligarchs, Yukos Incident, Yeltsin, Putin, Controllable Democracy

The energy sector of Ukraine is of strategic importance not only within the national economy, but is also significant from a European perspective, because it includes transit energy networks that are essential for a large part of Europe. The fundamental problem still remains low energy efficiency of the economy, obsolete infrastructure, dysfunctional system and the absence of major reforms. At the moment, another round of reforms is taking place under the influence of a rapprochement with the European Union, to modernize the sector and adapt it to European standards. This work describes the development of the sector and the reform efforts since independence until today with a particular focus on the gas sector and the period 2014 to 2017. This is particularly the developments in the energy market, pricing policies, availability, security and decentralization of the system. In addition, the work also focuses on the development of energy efficiency, the environment and renewable energy sources. Following on the theoretical basis (especially the theory of institutional economics) through analysis of described facts assesses developments in the reforms and their impact on the whole sector including evaluation of the role and influence of oligarchs in these reform attempts. In terms of reforms, four...

Ukrainian paramilitary volunteer units became a key to fight threats of the russo-separatist hybrid war and their activity could be strongly reflected in the outcome of combat operations. This case study examines a phenomenon of volunteer battalions including myths and controversies that accompany them. The paper defines and analyzes four most controversial issues that are connected with volunteer units and confronts them with reality. Furthermore, it deals with roots and origins of these controversies and examines consequences of problematic units on the security and political situation in Ukraine. These topics include a spread of radical nationalism, fascism and neo-Nazism in volunteer units, criminal activities of volunteer fighters , the role of religion in the volunteer movement and links between volunteer units and political parties or oligarchs and related problems such as financing.

The usage of the word oligarch has been growing rapidly in Swedish newspapers since the fall of the Soviet Union. In this study, I will examine the way Swedish newspapers have been using the word, in what I asses as a biased way.     Previous research has shown that the word is applicable in a much wider space, and that other countries or parts of the world contains cases of oligarchs. The word oligarch is actually old, it comes from ancient Greece and its renowned philosophers, originally made up to describe when the power of a democracy lies in the hands of only a few. Today, it seems that the word has been heavily associated (almost exclusively), with Russian businessmen. Many whom made their fortune during the turmoil between the collapse of the Soviet Union and the republic of Russia switching from a communist economy to a capitalistic state.    There lies certain power in actions, as so in words. To misinterpret, applicate or to use words and situations with the intention of self-advocacy could be dangerous, especially when done so by a force capable of influencing the minds of the masses. The words we use affect our way of interpreting things, in turn, how people interpret, think and conversate about topics and such are called discourse. Critical discourse analysis works as a theory, or method to critically examine the ways that we discuss about these so-called discourses, and how the debate about the topics develop in our society.    Ultimately, by looking into the way three big and influential Swedish newspapers reported on the topic of oligarchs for almost thirty years, we will see how the discourse of the oligarchs develop. This study will work as an insight into the actual discourse and shed light on how institutions such as our news reporting need to be consistently checked in order to be held accountable before their presentation. It is important as it affects the way that we think and interact with each other. Ultimately, from a historical perspective, active discourses like these are things that can put dirty stains on our history. Instead of keeping them alive, we should remind ourselves of our preconceptions, to avoid further alienation amongst people.

This master's thesis explores the relationship between news content and owners of print and online media publishers in the Czech Republic. In the recent decade, the Czech media scene has been subject to a phenomenon called oligarchisation, a process when vast most majority of international owners were gradually replaced by local media moguls who also do business in other sectors than the media. The theoretical part of the thesis looks at the media oligarchisation in the Central and Eastern Europe and associated threats to the standards of journalism and democracy per se. The empirical part offers a quantitative content analysis of year in review articles on 2019 and 2020. These articles were published in print and online newspapers in the five main media houses. The coding unit for analysis is an evaluative mention, i.e. only one part of each article, dedicated to a single event, name or trend. The resulting data is tested by a simple analysis of relative frequency, and is also subjected to Pearson's chi-square test. This latter examines the relationships of categorical variables. Subsequently, a correspondence analysis focuses on the most significant associations between media houses and variables of the analysed articles. The results of the analyses indicated that three of the five examined...