The lead-acid batteries used in hybrid electronic vehicles HEV operate in high-rate mode in a state of partial charge PSoC. It occurs when the degradation mechanisms related to irreversible sulphation and negative electrodes are a limiting factor in the life of lead-acid batteries. The electrode system was applied to experimental pressure cells of different sizes. Exp. cells were subjected to measurement and evaluation of potential negative electrode, a negative active mass resistance, contact resistance of transition collector - the active mass with the evaluation and measurement of pressure fluctuations within four PSoC runs.

The presented master´s thesis deals with lead-acid batteries and methods of their charging. First part shortly describes the problems of lead-acid batteries. There are introduced common principles, type of construction and requirements, that should be complied with lead-acid batteries. Following part discusses the basic characteristics of charging. There is given a detailed description of current pulse charging method, on which is also mainly focused this master´s thesis. For this charging method, several basic experiments were done in order to verify functionality of the measuring device, software, the tested cells and primarily to verify charging modes. The goal of this thesis is to find out suitable mode of pulse charging, which would be fast as well as tested cells-friendly. The conclusion of this master´s thesis contains a resume of acquired theoretical knowledge and an evaluation of measured results, on which was the appropriate charging mode proposed.

This Master’s thesis deals with the lead-acid batteries, which are alternativ power supply. The lead-acid batteries are the oldest type of battery cells. This lead-acid batteries have a great use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which operate in different modes of vehicle operation. These modes correspond to the reactions taking place during discharging and charging the battery. The lead-acid batteries in hybrid electric vehicles work in mode PSoC. The practical part of the Master`s thesis examines how the characteristics of lead-acid batteries are modified due to admixture of glass fibers into negative active material and application of pressure to the electrode system.

This dissertation deals with impedance measurements of lead-acid accumulator. Main aim was to study recent problems of impedance measurements of lead-acid accumulator and most importantly to extend difference method and also to interpret its results. The original DC difference method was developed earlier at our Power Sources Laboratory of Department of Electrical and Electronic Technology. The DC difference method and also the new AC difference method are both non-destructive, which means that experimental data can be obtained in situ. New method provides more accurate set of information because of its wide frequency range nature. Electrodes of lead-acid accumulator were analysed with special attention to collector / active mass double layer and to active mass itself. Various states and operation regimes were investigated. Obtained data contributed to better understanding of involved degradation mechanisms. Main aim of other experiment was to observe and interpret corrosion rates of electrode collector composed of various lead alloys. Last but not least charge and discharge regimes e.g. 100% deep of discharge regime, partial state of charge (PSoC) regime and pulse charge regime were analysed. BioLogic VSP was the device used for almost all experimental measurements. It takes a lot of effort to optimise VSP operation regime. Best operation regime of VSP for the difference method was suggested too.

This thesis is completion of whole stage of researches and it is a result of existing need of increase efficiency, utilization rate and service life of lead acid batteries VRLA planned for utilization in hybrid electric vehicles in mode of partial state-of-charge PSoC. During the application of mode PSoC at lead acid battery occurs irreversible sulfation of negative electrodes and thus to loss their charging capability. This phenomenon, according to the latest trend called PCL3, isn´t connected with subsequently referred effects PCL1, PCL2, show up on positive electrodes. Result of this thesis is finding a new types of additives, determine their optimum amount and size in such a way that innovated composition of negative active materials be able to resist sulfation of negative electrode during operation in mode PSoC. Part of the effort to clarify actions ongoing on negative active material and causes non-returnable sulfation electrodes is also monitoring of structural changes electrode active material by using environmental scanning electron microscope, which helped to clarify processes related with loss of capacity in mode PSoC. Special attention during reserches was focused on study of the properties contact layers between collector and electrodes active material and itself active materials lead-acid battery druring exploitation. There were gain new information about influence repeated cycling of (charging, discharging) the critical area of the electrodes. Measurements was carried out on specially prepared experimental electrodes DC Difference Method, this enabled obtain data in situ.

This thesis is an engineering design of an intelligent fast-charger for lead-acid accumulators. It contains calculations of each component. The switching power supply is the mainstay of the charger that makes the charger portable, lightweight and small. The Intelligent fast-charger for lead-acid accumulators charges the accumulator by method of constant voltage with current limitation of 0,5A, 5A, 10A, 50A. 50A current is used in winter during starting of a car, when the battery can´t provide sufficient current. There are three LEDs placed on the front side of the charger reflecting status of the device. The device comprises safety protection for the charger, supply network and battery.

This thesis is focused on lead-acid batteries used in hybrid electric vehicles. These cells work in specific conditions, particularly under partial charge referred to as PSOC. This fact is responsible for the premature loss of capacity cell lead-acid batteries and their short lifetime. The task of this thesis is to examine the effect of conductive ceramics as possible additives to the negative electrode active materials of lead-acid battery cells operating in a PSOC, in order to prolong their life.

This diploma thesis deals with photovoltaic rechargable regulators used in isolated, or off-grid photovoltaic systems. First, basic types of off-grid installations, including their functions and applications in practice are described. Then, possibilities of electric energy accumulation in photovoltaic systems are mentioned, considering actual, accesible technologies. Matters of electric energy accumulation in leaden accumulators are examined in detail. Main part of the diploma thesis is about electronic designs of photovoltaic, also called solar, rechargable regulators. These are the main connecting part between photovoltaic panels, accumulator, but also often connected charge, which is appliance. Individual electronic regulators concepts are described narrowly, then compared and evaluated in thesis´ conclusion.