Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RobertoRCF_TESE.pdf: 987513 bytes, checksum: 957f5ea8a43b953deeae4b60b26191b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents a theoretical, numerical and computation analysis of parameters of a rectangular microstrip antenna with metamaterial substrate, fin line as a coupler and also integrated devices like integrated filter antenna. It is applied theory to full-wave of Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method, to characterize the magnitude of the substrate and obtain the general equations of the electromagnetic fields. About the metamaterial, they are characterized by permittivity and permeability tensor, reaching to the general equations for the electromagnetic fields of the antenna. It is presented a study about main representation of PBG(Photonic Band Gap) material and its applied for a specific configuration. A few parameters are simulated some structures in order to reduce the physical dimensions and increase the bandwidth. The results are presented through graphs. The theoretical and computational analysis of this work have shown accurate and relatively concise. Conclusions are drawn and suggestions for future work / Este trabalho apresenta a an?lise te?rica, num?rica e computacional dos par?metros de uma antena de microfita do tipo retangular sobre substrato metamaterial, linha de laminas na forma de acoplador e tamb?m de estruturas integrada como a antena filtro integrada. ? aplicada a teoria de onda completa do m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa - LTT, para a caracteriza??o das grandezas do substrato e obten??o das equa??es gerais dos campos eletromagn?ticos. Sobre o metamaterial, os mesmos s?o caracterizados atrav?s de tensores permissividade e permeabilidade, chegando-se ?s equa??es gerais para os campos eletromagn?ticos da antena. ? apresentado um estudo das principais representa??es do material PBG (Photonic Band Gap) e suas aplica??es para determinadas configura??es. S?o simulados v?rios par?metros de algumas estruturas com o intuito de diminuir as dimens?es f?sicas e aumentar a largura de banda das mesmas. Os resultados s?o apresentados atrav?s de gr?ficos. A an?lise te?rico-computacional desse trabalho se mostra precisa e relativamente concisa. S?o apresentadas as conclus?es e sugest?es para trabalhos futuros

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HumbertoDA_TESE.pdf: 4762435 bytes, checksum: 20aae983d6895db90a85b0e2b107200f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-09-02 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / In the globalized world modern telecommunications have assumed key role within the company, causing a large increase in demand for the wireless technology of communication, which has been happening in recent years have greatly increased the number of applications using this technology. Due to this demand, new materials are developed to enable new control mechanisms and propagation of electromagnetic waves. The research to develop new technologies for wireless communication presents a multidisciplinary study that covers from the new geometries for passive antennas, active up to the development of materials for devices that improve the performance at the frequency range of operation. Recently, planar antennas have attracted interest due to their characteristics and advantages when compared with other types of antennas. In the area of mobile communications the need for antennas of this type has become increasingly used, due to intensive development, which needs to operate in multifrequency antennas and broadband. The microstrip antennas have narrow bandwidth due to the dielectric losses generated by irradiation. Another limitation is the degradation of the radiation pattern due to the generation of surface waves in the substrate. Some techniques have been developed to minimize this limitation of bandwidth, such as the study of type materials PBG - Photonic Band Gap, to form the dielectric material. This work has as main objective the development project of a slot resonator with multiple layers and use the type PBG substrate, which carried out the optimization from the numerical analysis and then designed the device initially proposed for the band electromagnetic spectrum between 3-9 GHz, which basically includes the band S to X. Was used as the dielectric material RT/Duroid 5870 and RT/Duroid 6010.LM where both are laminated ceramic-filled PTFE dielectric constants 2.33 and 10.2, respectively. Through an experimental investigation was conducted an analysis of the simulated versus measured by observing the behavior of the radiation characteristics from the height variation of the dielectric multilayer substrates. We also used the LTT method resonators structures rectangular slot with multiple layers of material photonic PBG in order to obtain the resonance frequency and the entire theory involving the electromagnetic parameters of the structure under consideration. xviii The analysis developed in this work was performed using the method LTT - Transverse Transmission Line, in the field of Fourier transform that uses a component propagating in the y direction (transverse to the real direction of propagation z), thus treating the general equations of the fields electric and magnetic and function. The PBG theory is applied to obtain the relative permittivity of the polarizations for the sep photonic composite substrates material. The results are obtained with the commercial software Ansoft HFSS, used for accurate analysis of the electromagnetic behavior of the planar device under study through the Finite Element Method (FEM). Numerical computational results are presented in graphical form in two and three dimensions, playing in the parameters of return loss, frequency of radiation and radiation diagram, radiation efficiency and surface current for the device under study, and have as substrates, photonic materials and had been simulated in an appropriate computational tool. With respect to the planar device design study are presented in the simulated and measured results that show good agreement with measurements made. These results are mainly in the identification of resonance modes and determining the characteristics of the designed device, such as resonant frequency, return loss and radiation pattern / No mundo globalizado moderno, as telecomunica??es assumiram um papel fundamental dentro das sociedades, provocando um grande aumento da demanda por tecnologia de comunica??o sem fio, isto vem acontecendo nos ?ltimos anos e tem aumentado bastante o n?mero de aplica??es que utilizam esta tecnologia. Em decorr?ncia dessa demanda, novos materiais s?o desenvolvidos no sentido de possibilitar novos mecanismos de controle e propaga??o de ondas eletromagn?ticas. A pesquisa para o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias para comunica??o sem fios apresenta um car?ter multidisciplinar que abrange desde o estudo de novas geometrias para antenas passivas e ativas at? o de desenvolvimento de materiais para dispositivos que melhorem o desempenho naquela faixa de frequ?ncia de opera??o. Recentemente as antenas planares tem despertado interesses devido as suas caracter?sticas e vantagens que oferecem quando comparadas com os demais tipos de antenas. Na ?rea de comunica??es m?veis a necessidade de antenas desse tipo tem se tornado cada vez maior, devido ao seu intenso desenvolvimento, que necessita de antenas que operem em multifrequ?ncia e em banda larga. As antenas de microfita apresentam largura de banda estreita devido ?s perdas no diel?trico geradas pela irradia??o. Outra limita??o ? a degrada??o do diagrama de irradia??o devido ? gera??o de ondas de superf?cie no substrato. Algumas t?cnicas est?o sendo desenvolvidas para minimizar esta limita??o de banda, como ? o caso do estudo de materiais do tipo PBG Photonic Band Gap, para compor o material diel?trico. Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento do projeto de um ressoador de fenda com m?ltiplas camadas e com a utiliza??o de substrato do tipo PBG, onde foi realizada a otimiza??o a partir da analise num?rica e em seguida, projetado o dispositivo proposto inicialmente para a faixa do espectro eletromagn?tico compreendida entre 3-9 GHz, que inclui basicamente a banda S at? X. Foi utilizado como material diel?trico o RT/Duroid 5870 e RT/Duroid 6010.2LM onde ambos s?o laminados cer?micos PTFE com constantes diel?tricas de 2.33 e 10.2, respectivamente. Atrav?s de uma investiga??o experimental foi realizada uma an?lise dos resultados simulados versus medidos observando o comportamento das xvi caracter?sticas de radia??o a partir da varia??o da altura das multicamadas de subtrato diel?trico. Foi utilizado tamb?m o m?todo LTT ?s estruturas ressoadoras retangulares de fenda com m?ltiplas camadas, para a obten??o da freq??ncia de resson?ncia bem como toda a teoria que envolva os par?metros eletromagn?ticos da estrutura em estudo. As an?lises desenvolvidas neste trabalho foram realizadas com utiliza??o do m?todo LTT Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa, no dom?nio da Transformada de Fourier que utiliza uma componente de propaga??o na dire??o y (transversa ? dire??o real de propaga??o z), tratando assim as equa??es gerais dos campos el?tricos e magn?ticos em fun??o de yE e yH . A teoria PBG ser? aplicada para a obten??o da permissividade relativa para as polariza??es s e p dos substratos compostos de material fot?nico. Os resultados s?o obtidos com o software comercial Ansoft HFSS, usado para a an?lise precisa do comportamento eletromagn?tico do dispositivo planar em estudo, por meio do M?todo dos Elementos Finitos (FEM). Resultados num?rico-computacionais s?o apresentados em forma de gr?fico em duas e tr?s dimens?es, para aos par?metros de perda de retorno, frequ?ncia de radia??o, e diagrama de radia??o, efici?ncia de radia??o e densidade superficial de corrente para o dispositivo em estudo, e que tem como substratos, materiais fot?nicos e que fora simulado em uma ferramenta computacional apropriada. . No que diz respeito ao projeto do dispositivo planar em estudo s?o apresentados os resultados medidos e os simulados que apresentam boa concord?ncia com as medi??es efetuadas. Estes resultados consistem principalmente na identifica??o dos modos de resson?ncia e na determina??o das caracter?sticas do dispositivo projetado, como freq??ncia de resson?ncia, perda de retorno e diagrama de radia??o

The diploma thesis deals with the evaluation of the lifetimes of smooth and notched specimens. The comparison of their lifetimes is focused on the case of high-frequency cyclic loading in the area of high-cycle and gigacycle fatigue of materials. The theory of critical distances is used to evaluate and recalculate the life curves of the notched specimens. The effect of the notch is quantified using the Line method. The critical length parameter is determined so that the life curve of the notched specimens corresponds to the curve measured on smooth specimens. The result is the dependence of the critical length parameter on the number of cycles to fracture. Knowledge of critical length parameters can be used to determine the lifetime of notched specimens as well as real notched components using the results of fatigue tests of smooth specimens.

The aim of the thesis is to determine the amount of indemnity for damage to the family house caused by excessive snow loads, calculation of material value (time value) immovable assets immediately before the insured event cost method using analytical methods wear, determining the cost of putting immovable in working condition, the calculation of substantive value of intangible assets for the repairs. In this thesis, the emphasis on the clarification process when the risk to the family house and a practical example of an insured event the immovable. At the same time the analysis of the results, which display graphs show how the event affected the development of insurance rates immovable.

The task of this diploma thesis is to design and test the optimal procedures for taking photos to build a 3D model of a civic building using the programme PHOTOMODELER. Then to determine the specific dimensions of the civic building and compare them with the dimensions received with the help of the basic method of measurement in common building practice, i.e. the method of cross directions (using a tape or a telescopic measuring rod) and the geodetic method of measurement. After that to evaluate these measurements and make the conclusion concerning the accuracy or inaccuracy of measurements received with the help of the 3D model of the compiled programme PHOTOMODELER.

This thesis describes laboratory measurements of the complex refractive index of volcanic ash particles. These measurements are needed to model the radiative impact of volcanic ash, vital for accurate satellite remote sensing. Three experimental methods have been developed, and the results for the complex refractive index and optical properties of a wide range of volcanic ash samples are presented. Measurements were made of the spectral transmission of radiation through suspended volcanic ash particles inside an aerosol cell, using a Fourier transform spectrometer at infrared wavelengths and two diffraction grating spectrometers covering ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. In addition to the optical measurements, a suite of sampling and sizing instruments were connected downstream of the aerosol cell to measure the particle size distribution. The method was calibrated using two quartz samples. Mass extinction coefficients for nine volcanic ash samples, at 0.3-14 μm, are presented and show considerable variation. These variations are linked to the composition of the samples, measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The complex refractive index, at 0.3-14 μm, of the two quartz samples and two samples of volcanic ash from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption were retrieved from the extinction measurements. The forward model used Mie theory and a classical damped harmonic oscillator (CDHO) model to represent the complex refractive index of the samples in terms of a finite set of band parameters, as well as the real refractive index of the sample in the small wavelength limit. Previous studies have shown that there is a redundancy in the retrievals between the band strength parameters and the real refractive index in the small wavelength limit, which can lead to spurious values for the retrieved complex refractive index. This problem was overcome by using an independent measurement of the real refractive index at a visible wavelength, to constrain the model parameter of the real refractive index in the short wavelength limit. Independent measurements of the complex refractive index at visible wavelengths are also important because the extinction produced at these wavelengths is highly sensitive to the particle size distribution, and any uncertainty in the measured size distribution will contribute to significant systematic error in the refractive index retrieved from extinction. The retrieved spectral complex refractive index of Eyjafjallajökull ash was applied using the ORAC retrieval scheme to measurements of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptionmade by theMODIS instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite. Significant difference were found in the retrieved plume parameters of optical path, effective radius, and plume altitude, compared to assuming a literature measurement for the refractive index of pumice. For three discrete visible wavelengths (450, 546.7, and 650 nm) an optical microscope was used to make measurements of the complex refractive index of the volcanic ash samples. The long-established Becke line method was used to measure the real refractive index of the samples. For the imaginary refractive index, a new and novelmethod was developed involving measurements of the attenuation of light in individual particles. A strong linear correlation was found between the SiO₂ content of the samples and both their real and imaginary refractive indices at the visible wavelengths investigated. Furthermore, from the XRF compositional analysis of the samples values were calculated for the ratio of non-bridging oxygen atoms per tetrahedral cation (NBO/T), and it was found that NBO/T was an even stronger predictor of real refractive index at visible wavelengths. The optical microscope measurements could only be applied to particles with a radius larger than 10 μm. A new refractometer method was investigated for retrieving the real refractive index of submicron particles from colloidal reflectance measurements close to the critical angle in an internal reflection configuration. A coherent scattering model (CSM) was used to model the coherent reflection from a half-space of monodisperse or polydisperse particles, and a simple extension of the model is presented to properly account for the modified size distribution at the interface in an internal reflection set-up. A rigorous sensitivity analysis was performed to determine how experimental uncertainties propagate into uncertainty associated with the retrieved real refractive index, and the uncertainty due to non-spherical effects was estimated using T-matrix methods. Experimental reflectance data at a wavelength of 635 nm were obtained for spherical monodisperse polystyrene calibration particles, a polydisperse sand sample, and a polydisperse volcanic ash sample. The retrieved values for the real refractive index agreed, within propagated uncertainties, with values measured using other techniques. The method is shown to be a viable technique for measuring the real refractive index of small quantities of submicron particles, and can also retrieve the concentration and size of particles.