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The interest of gaining on-line information related to non-metallic inclusions during the steelmaking process has recently increased due to the development as well as the promising results of the Pulse Distribution Analysis with Optical Emission Spectroscopy method (PDA/OES). Even though, the time from sampling to presented results on inclusions is only about 5-10 minutes, the method has also shown limitations with respect to the determination of some inclusion characteristics. Therefore, a first step was to perform a study on other methods such as the cross-section method (CS) on a polished sample surface, the cross-section after etching method (CSE), the bromine-methanol extraction method (BME), and the electrolytic extraction method (EE). This study focused on the evaluation of these methods with respect to the time consumption for preparation and analysis of a sample, the analyzed volume and the determination of inclusion and cluster characteristics such as size, number, particle size distribution (PSD) and composition. The CS and CSE methods were found to be suitable in the determination of the largest cluster in a sample which can be recommended in order to select proper extraction parameters for further studies. The BME method was considered to be fast with the possibility of analyzing a large volume. However, the used solution is chemically stronger compared to electrolytic extraction solutions, which can affect the results. In most aspects, the EE method was found to be the most stable, reliable and accurate method with some limitations regarding the time aspect. Based on this conclusion, the EE method was selected for a comparative study with the PDA/OES method. Reliably detected size ranges by using the PDA/OES method were defined for two low-alloyed steel grades. These are 2.0-5.7 μm and 1.4-5.7 μm for steel samples taken before and after a Ca-addition during the secondary steelmaking, respectively. Moreover, agreements between the EE and PDA/OES methods were observed in the average size and number of detected inclusions when only inclusions with the size &gt; 2 μm were considered. Also, a theoretical minimum size and a maximum number ofinclusions present in the steel sample, which can be detected by using the PDA/OES method, were estimated. The work continued by successfully applying the EE method to study correlations between inclusions observed in the liquid steel samples and in a clogged nozzle (clogging material). It was found that the average sizes of spherical and non-spherical inclusions observed in the steel corresponded well with those observed in the clogging material. However, there were some differences in the frequencies of these inclusions. This was explained by a possible transformation of the present inclusions due to a reoxidation and a reaction with the nozzle refractory of the steel melt. The results of this study may contribute in the selection of proper process parameters or inclusion characteristics for future studies on the improvement and application of on-line methods. Finally, suggestions on how to present and interpret data obtained by the PDA/OES method during production of stainless steels were given in the present thesis. More specifically, the possibilities of defining operating windows with respect to inclusion composition and the use of a B-factor for Al (the total content of Al in inclusions detected by using the PDA/OES method) during the secondary steelmaking were discussed. In addition, a correlation study between B-factors for Al and numbers of inclusions (dV &gt; 4 μm) obtained by using the PDA/OES method on process samples, and corresponding slivers indices from plate products was performed. The results showed a moderate correlation between these parameters as well as an increase of the slivers index with increased values of the chosen PDA/OES data. This indicates that it could be possible to predict when there is an increased risk of having slivers on the final rolled product at an early stage of the steelmaking process. / <p>QC 20150525</p>

Nowadays wind turbines are clustered in wind farms and the wake development plays an important role in energy production and blade fatigue load of tubines. The actuator line method is an effective modeling approach that gives improtant wake flow characterstics of a wind turbine. In the last few years, numerous studies have been conducted based on this method using Ellipsys3D, a computational fluid dynamics (CDF) flow solver based on finitie volume approach. However, due to the limited order of accuracy of this solver, it is not capable of a linear stability analysis with small amplitude of perturbation. Therefore, the present work investigates implementing the actuator line ethos into a  high order method, Nek5000, a flow solver based on the spectral element approach. The main goal of the present work is to validate the code implementation by comparing the simulations results with the previous Ellipsys3D data. Both 2-D and 3-D Gaussian distribution functions are discussed for the actuator line force distribution. Parametric study is carried out regarding the smoothing parameter ε and the partitioning of the actuator line.

Radioactive ion beam production by Isotope Separator On Line method (ISOL) has motivated the construction of several nuclear facilities over the world. The method consists in impinging solid target material with beams of stable nucleus. Radioactive nuclei produced during the collision are stopped in the target material and must diffuse out of it as fast as possible to transform them into ions before their radioactive decay. The release time must thus be as short as possible to avoid their losses. The release of the nuclei depends on several parameters, which are related to the chemistry of the atoms in the target matrix, to the geometry and micro-structure of the target, and to its temperature. In the case of targets made of grains, we assumed that an optimum grain size of the grains existed. To make possible its easy determination, we aimed to calculate it analytically. Thus we have built a description of the propagation of the atoms in the target material, while conserving the different physico-chemical parameters and avoiding the use of adjustable parameters. The description of the propagation process will be presented as well as the assumptions. Finally, the optimum grain size will be given for the radioactive Ar atoms out of graphite.

This dissertation presents an experimentally supported multi-physics model of a dielectric barrier discharge boundary layer flow control actuator. The model is independent of empirical data about the specific behavior of the system. This model contributes to the understanding of the specific mechanisms that enable the actuator to induce flow control. The multi-physics numerical model couples a fluid model, a chemistry model, and an electrostatics model. The chemistry model has been experimentally validated against known spectroscopic techniques, and the fluid model has been experimentally validated against the time-resolved shadowgraphy. The model demonstrates the capability to replicate emergent flow structures near a wall. These structures contribute to momentum transport that enhance the boundary layer’s wall attachment and provide for better flow control. An experiment was designed to validate the model predictions. The spectroscopic results confirmed the model predictions of an electron temperature of 0.282eV and an electron number density of 65.5 × 10⁻¹²kmol/m³ matching to within a relative error of 12.4% and 14.8%, respectively. The shadowgraphic results also confirmed the model predicted velocities of flow structures of 3.75m/s with a relative error of 10.9%. The distribution of results from both experimental and model velocity calculations strongly overlap each other. This validated model provides new and useful information on the effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge actuators on flow control and performance. This work was supported in part by NSF grant CNS-0960081 and the HokieSpeed supercomputer at Virginia Tech. / Ph. D.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:55:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarinaldoPSN_DISSERT.pdf: 999347 bytes, checksum: 61ef641028185e656504321954690c18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-11-25 / Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte / This work presents a theoretical and numerical analysis for the radiation characteristics of rectangular microstrip antenna using metamaterial substrate. The full wave analysis is performed in the Fourier transform domain through the application of the Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method. A study on metamaterial theory was conducted to obtain the constructive parameters, which were characterized through permittivity and permeability tensors to arrive at a set of electromagnetic equations. The general equations for the electromagnetic fields of the antenna are developed using the Transverse Transmission Line - TTL method. Imposing the boundary conditions, the dyadic Green s function components are obtained relating the surface current density components at the plane of the patch to the electric field tangential components. Then, Galerkin s method is used to obtain a system of matrix equations, whose solution gives the antenna resonant frequency. From this modeling, it is possible to obtain numerical results for the resonant frequency and return loss for different configurations and substrates / Esta disserta??o de Mestrado apresenta uma an?lise te?rica e num?ricocomputacional, das caracter?sticas ressonantes de uma antena de microfita com patch retangular utilizando substrato metamaterial. A an?lise utiliza o formalismo de onda completa atrav?s da aplica??o do m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa - LTT, no dom?nio da transformada de Fourier. ? realizado um estudo acerca da teoria dos metamateriais com o intuito de obter seus par?metros construtivos, os mesmos s?o caracterizados atrav?s de tensores permissividade e permeabilidade. As equa??es gerais para os campos eletromagn?ticos da antena s?o desenvolvidas aplicando o m?todo da Linha de Transmiss?o Transversa - LTT. A imposi??o das condi??es de contorno adequada ? estrutura permite determinar as fun??es di?dicas de Green, relacionando as componentes da densidade de corrente no patch com as componentes tangenciais do campo el?trico. O m?todo de Galerkin ? ent?o usado para obter a equa??o matricial, cuja solu??o n?o trivial fornece a freq??ncia de resson?ncia da antena. A partir da modelagem ? poss?vel obter resultados para a freq??ncia de resson?ncia em diferentes configura??es de antenas e substratos, al?m da perda de retorno

Les travaux effectués pendant la thèse ont principalement porté sur la modélisation et le calcul du comportement haute-fréquence (HF) des câbles électriques. Ces phénomènes physiques mis en jeu combinent les effets capacitifs et inductifs ainsi que les effets de peau et de proximité. Pour prendre en compte de ces comportements, nous utilisons une approche basée sur des circuits équivalents à base aux paramètres linéiques qui varient en fonction de la fréquence. La détermination des éléments du schéma équivalent a été effectuée en résolvant des problèmes d'électrostatique et de magnétoharmonique en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Ensuite, nous avons travaillé sur la méthode des lignes de transport (TLM) associée à une approche modale pour déterminer les fréquences de résonance du système en prenant en compte les interconnexions aux extrémités du câble. Nous avons mis en œuvre la méthode ci-dessus pour plusieurs types de câble électrique : bifilaire blindé, blindé de 4 conducteurs, AC triphasée et enfin HVDC. Le comportement HF de ces câbles a été étudié en utilisant l'approche développé. / The work during the thesis focused on the modeling and calculation of high frequency (HF) behavior in the power cables. These physical phenomena involved combining capacitive and inductive as well as the effects of skin and proximity effects. To account for this behavior, we use an approach based on equivalent circuits based on linear parameters that vary depending on the frequency approach. The determination of the equivalent circuit elements was performed by solving electrostatic problems and magnetoharmonic using the finite element method. Then we worked on the Transmission Lines Method (TLM) associated with a modal approach to determine the resonance frequencies of the system taking into account the interconnections to the ends of cable. We have implemented the above method for several types of electric cable: shielded wire, shielded 4 wires, three phases AC and finally the HVDC cable. The HF behavior of these cables has been studied using the developed approach.